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[TOC spread]

Cover

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Title Page

Sumerian Cuneiform

English Dictionary

Mugsar

Ed. Peter & Tara Hogan

12013 CT

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Dedication

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Reproduction

Copy Peter & Tara Hogan 12013CT

Copy for non-commercial purposes. Where relevant give proper attribution, see Reference section.
It's all part of the unearthing process, Civilization Time, belongs to all of us, especially when the subject matter is the displaced first one – can you just see that black Kiengi designing that first tablet some 5400 years ago.

Oh, and don"t forget the all important step 1, Write or tatto your name in cuneiform! This is ours:

Peter Hogan
Mugsar Founder
sumeriancuneiformdictionary@gmail.com
PO Box 1 Potts Point NSW 1335 (Sydney) Australia

     

Contents | Top

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MUGSAR file format convert tips

Kindle was our favoured eReader (faulty design won't recharge). Anyway, just send (to your username@kindle.com) our Word .docx file (you can find the latest upload here) "as is" [Do NOT add "convert" to the subject line, it stuffs it up] straight to your Kindle – it comes up just perfect. Kindle now uses .kf8 cf. the old .azw / mobi
PDF – Though still very common for now, seems to have many limitations, esp as a source format for conversion – Calibre FAQs say it's a crap format: “In order of decreasing preference: LIT, MOBI, AZW, EPUB, AZW3, FB2, DOCX, HTML, PRC, ODT, RTF, PDB, TXT, PDF”
ePUB – The most common eReader format is ePUB, and even better, it's "open source". MUGSAR ePUB version is now available from the Internet Archive.
Free Convert Software – The most popular seems to be Calibre. Though some say that you can"t use .docx as a source format, it now does. The new Kindle .kf8 is not yet an acceptable format, but if .docx works that's all you need. | calibre-ebook.com/download_windows | manual.calibre-ebook.com/conversion | browsingrhino.com…calibres-great-conversion-of-docx-into-ebooks | Main steps: 1. Add books [select .docx file] 2. Convert books [Some important selections] Output format: EPUB [or pref.] Page Setup: Default Output Profile [or pref.] 3. On job completion (how long does Calibre take to convert? time varies 10-30 mins+ [may appear to be stuck on all that micro$oft crap at 47 or 67%]) Right click – save to disk single file – then select EPUB only Then that ePUB is your best source for other formats. But first load it in, right click and use the Editor to fix up any bugs. As for converting to mobi, found Calibre far superior to Kindlegen (or Kindle for PC) - Kindlegen doubled the file size to over 16mb, bloated the graphics, some now not fitting the screen; and lost the TOC and cover. Calibre came up great, and actually reduced the file size. Online Convert - 2epub.com

HTML and all the Mugsar sign jpg graphics ZIP - now at the Internet Archive here Note: The un-zipped htm file may still be compressed to around 260 Kb just moving it to another folder will un-compress (to about 1700Kb; jpg items 6.9Mb unzipped)

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Internet Archive Downloads

All our Internet Archive downloads

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eBook Description

The Mugsar is the only standalone Sumerian Cuneiform Dictionary for the founders of 'educaton', including the etymology of the word itself, 5000 years ago, in the world. Compare our world ranking already without any funding at academia.edu (see elite professors comparison study). The Mugsar has all the innate qualities that give sponsors a genuine shot at immortality, plus everything on one page exploring - download capability - don’t need to be connected to the internet as is the case for cumbersome script-driven databases.

Nothing comes close to the nifty Mugsar:

The unique Mugsar 4-Way

1. unicode 2. sign 3. lemma 4. translation

All together in each listing. At elite university sites it's all over the place. None give unicodes and their translations are superficial / computer generated.

The real nifty part, the Mugsar QuickFinder

Specially designed for small "tablet" screens that may not be able to display cuneiform fonts.

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The first great civilization (fl c. 6600CT – 8000CT) were the Sumerians – “ki.en.gi”, who were black ("sag gig.ga") to boot! For the enlightened Sumer is aptly termed the "cradle of civilization".

Much has been plagiarized from them without due attribution, not just the wheel, writing, law, but even true etymologies – the real origins of so many English words like "abzu" = abyss, not to mention "shekel", the Hebrew term for money — some would have us believe that everything starts with the Greeks and Romans, world champion plagiarizers themselves. Our libraries may as well forget the non-fiction / history section – just put it all under fiction. How some can relegate this great civilization to what's conjured by terms like “ancient” and “BC”. It's not going backwards, they come first at about 6600CT.

Tablet 1

Inspiration for all this came out of not being able to find a Sumerian cuneiform sign list with unicode, lemma and translation. There are some amazing dedicated websites and books produced by some amazing academes {missing fragment} …from the experience of living in Japan and studying kan-ji, it became obvious that you have to have the logogram, reading and translation all together. Just reading and translation is useless. And now of course linking everything is the unicode – see our unique "Mugsar 4-Way", an example:

Inana and the Seven Cosmic Powers of her Loincloth

u₄-/ba nin-gu₁₀ an\ mu-un-nigin₂-na-ta

Once, my dear lady heaven roamed around

Some well funded universities like Oxford's Faculty of Oriental Studies ETCSL et al have everything separated, don"t give unicodes at all, and for the sign they link off to PSD (University of Pennsylvania) where it is often not clear which is the relevant one. And their translations are superficial, probably computer generated. When you work with the actual cuneiform signs, rather than just impotent readings using our boring English phonetic script, you start to see that the scribes were not just telling a story, but literally painting the scene.

When we start going deeper than such misleading translations it becomes very revealing. It's not just that to the chagrin of some, that the Sumerians keep referring to themselves as black, there's a sign in particular that clearly tells us that the very first professors, scholars, experts, master craftsman, the ones who could write and teach, were black…

…and "um-mi-a" is not just of a more recent period of only 4000 years ago (Ur III) it goes way back to over 5000 years ago (ED IIIb) [a good 2000 years before the Greeks et al]:

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Gilgamesh, the hero of oldest written epic is also black BIL.GA.MEŠ (Sumerian: Bilgamesh [cf. Billjim!]; Akkad.: Gilgamesh) [1224B BIL₂burnt + 120B5 GA young (bull) + 12229 mes (meš) black hero (next on the sign list is the more common black sign 1222A MI; and 1207E dub able to write = power connotation)]

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And not only were the first scholars black, the earliest known author and poet was female (and most likely black), Enheduanna.

It's even more bewildering when you see someone like Jeremy Black ('1951-12004) founder of ETCSL, publish Literature of Ancient Sumer but leaves out the actual cuneiform. Starting with the Introduction (see Google Books) he adeptly covers the nuances using the awesome 9x6cm tablet containing 16 lines of Nertal's Axe story, encouraging the reader to begin to feel how enchanting Sumerian cuneiform is. Yet he sticks solely to what he calls “our Latin alphabet” (didn"t it come west via the Phoenicians [Lebanon], as in the phonetic alphabet!) in giving Sumerian readings and transliteration. Straight off he could have shown he was going to be totally faithful. Why not show us the beautiful picture of the magical axe, which when we go hunting for it on his own ETCSL baby (c573.4) we find (hazin, see 12154). What a shame. Jeremy must have known the signs intimately, and could have told us so much about his personal findings on their evolution and little things to look for in the pictures. Likewise with The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture - with a title that highlights the word cuneiform, yet way less than 1% actually shows signs. Really there should have been at least a chapter about the 300 most common Sumerian cuneiform. Nope, just some 800 pages of English phonetic script. And incredibly expensive. Yet you can find much of it around the Net (see Google Books for starters) and some fair dinkum cuneophiles share their contributions for free, like Frans van Koppen's Chapter 7 The Scribe of the Flood Story and His Circle at academia.edu (the original Mugsar 16i14 pdf is there too).

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The scribes who invented writing 5000 years ago clearly had no inhibitions about the basis for the design of their cuneiform, nor should we bowdlerize [etym.: Thomas Bowdler expurgated William Shakespeare (aka Edward de Vere) '1822] for hypocritical luddites / puritans who are still happy to plagiarize the technology revolution started by the Sumerians.

Scratching and dragging a pointed stylus would not have been near as effective and enduring for us to be able to read now.

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To top it off, at long last, for the many frustrated cuneophiles out there, comes the nifty Mugsar QuickFinder Index. Can you find an elite university that nifty?

Oh, and if any nuts were looking for evidence that these first great civilizations got some help from aliens …well, your first glance at the arrangement of many signs sure reminds one of spaceships, docking modules, rocket thruster exhausts – take a look at 12217 LUGAL King he's in a spaceship man! As you would expect for the King of the Sumerians / “Kings of the Earthlings“.

Seriously though, enduring Sumerian picture script on tablets offers us a lot more than say Greek phonetic writing on papyrus (much of it disintegrated almost immediately). One might first say that for starters the Greeks were much more intellectual. But how much of the basics were plagiarized from the Sumerians.

With the tablets we have a conduit, like electrons through a main circuit travelling at the speed of light straight back 5000 years ago. Analogous to astronomers and their powerful telescopes peering back into the evolution of galaxies (now there's an aptly interesting True Etymology – see 120F2 GAL big) and the universe. The pictures the scribes have transmitted on those tablets impress a profound insight into exactly how the people of the first civilization were thinking. Even with only a basic familiarity with the meanings of the logograms, it can be like watching timeshifted live video. Much more fascinating than the most expensive Steven Speilberg blockbuster but then what's a movie without a scriptwriter, and we"re talking about the very first writers ever, who put down the motifs of Gilgamesh and Inana.

Stop a moment and think about it. Put the huge amount of time in perspective. In that time many cultures did not develop writing at all, some had it and lost it. When plagio-religio somehow began to dominate the Romans the West was plunged into the Dark Ages, ironically only a bunch of monks were allowed to rehash one group of stories with a flood story, etc., plagiarized from guess where. Writing has really only started to make a comeback in the last few hundred years after the Renaissance / Enlightenment (even Guillem Shaksper's Stratford daughter couldn"t write). That's less than 10% of the timeline back to the Sumerians.

So at the next party you can say “I like movies” or “I"m studying a second language, French…” or you can say, “I"m a collaborator on the Mugsar … a nifty little (they had it a bit before Steve Jobs!) we are developing so anyone can watch the Sumerians walking around 5000 years ago…”

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Why Support the Mugsar?

What's in it for me, my family, my school, my business, my community?
Taking the high road, it's a major altruistic endeavor.
From a selfish viewpoint, it's a genuine shot at immortality.
To validate such a bold answer let's do a comparison.

Which has a better shot at Immortality: iPhone vs Mugsar ?

You know the iPhone from the zillion dollar Apple advertising campaigns.
It’s an apt comparison because founder Steve Jobs (11955-12011CT) is of the same generation, as is Microsoft’s Bill Gates (b. 11955CT) to Mugsar Pete’s (b. 11956CT), but he never ran into a Steve Wozniak or a Paul Allen, who were critical in the start of both enterprises.
The epochal Mugsar is the only standalone Sumerian Cuneiform Dictionary for the founders of 'education' in the world.
Compare its world ranking already with elite professors without $1 in support at academia.edu (considering too most of these professors get a $120K+ lifetime salary but few produce papers that students look at, whereas there’s Pete’s epochal Mugsar the education system dictates he gets continued remuneration reward of stone cold poverty).

Only the Mugsar rides the coattails of, and promotes 'Civilization Time' for all students in all cultures.
It constantly highlights the position of the Sumerians in CT to avoid the naivete of referring to them as 'ancient', and as a symbol that we are all part of its ascent - no cultural or class barriers, and so that users can see an unbroken timeline cf. the incumbent broken zero missing backwards sectarian year counting.

The Mugsar will become the defacto standard for every student in every school in the world to know Sumerian Cuneiform.
Can any other product realistically boast a market share that big?
We're not talking iPhones grabbing 30% of world market share, and wondering can they maintain it against Android et al.
Will the whole Apple corporation be even in existence in 1000* years? [*For the Mugsar we could easily add lots of zeros to the time frame but we'll keep the argument within a sporting chance for Apple.]
Can you even imagine how people will communicate in 1000 years, a chip implant or something direct to the brain?
Will a well run society's top educators think it reasonable to make sure students know Sumerian Cuneiform and how they founded 'education' to make Western Civilization possible in the first place. (Will they really be able to keep their jobs by only pushing the Romans and Greeks, like they got nothing from the Sumerians?)
Or will those students be browsing the Mugsar with those brain implants?

Which do you think has a better shot at growing market share, year in year out, decade in decade out, century in century out, millennia in millennia out – iPhone or Mugsar?

Which do you think has a better shot at immortality – iPhone or Mugsar?

Benefactors-Sponsors of Mugsar Sections-Signs

One day you will be gone.
Nobody will know you ever existed.
Why be forgotten?

Immortalize yourself, your family, your school, your business, your community by sponsoring the entire Mugsar, sections, like the nifty QuickFinder index, individual signs.

It's something like what happens in archaeology where a newly discovered dinosaur is named after a benefactor, like "Anzu wyliei – Chicken from Hell" named for the benefactor’s grandson, Wylie J Tuttle.

Obviously signs would have different values, depending on special attributes. High value ones would be particularly prestigious, for example, the very first on the alpha-numeric unicode system:

12000 A vowel; water... { The Xxxxxx Family 12017CT}

The icon used is , an everlasting possession [120FB ni₂ possession + 1230C ul distant time]

Heck, even dispossessed families like ours could be assigned some immortality pixels somewhere, including obscure variants that may still become more valuable for compound-making; and even turning graphics like the cover into a 10x10 pixel mosaic (aka image mapping) .
All plots would link to the official Mugsar Immortal Benefactors Register (MIBR).

Finder’s Commissions

There would be a whopping 80% Finder’s Commission if the new MIB is found by an existing MIB.

More details at the here.

Mugsar Worldwide Headquarters

Being the school/town that becomes the Mugars wordwide headquarters could one day not only make you famous but also be an injection into the local economy, especially by creating jobs and hosting the MugsarFest (see below). All welcome. No candidate too small.
Whatever happens, it would be nice to think one day there will be a campus at the Mugsar Founders' Byron Bay Australia ancestral home, BallyHogan est.  '1882 - as close as possible to the mystical sphinx-pyramid conjuring Hogans Bluff (on maps near 171 Midgen Flat Road Newrybar NSW).

MugsarFest

Sales/auctions of signs; workshops – like how to write on clay; prizes for best clay tablet works, including replicas of famous Sumerian clay tablets, like the Gilgamesh Epic.
There would be 2 levels of MugsarFests:
1. MugsarFest International – a big annual event held to rival top film festivals hosted by the worldwide headquarters.
2. MugsarFest Fundraisers at the local level – meaning at any school, town, charity, not-for-profit. In areas of unemployment these could be setup to provide job experience or volunteer work - kind of like a franchise. No registration or permission required, just go ahead and do it.
If you make money, great. A bonus comes from getting new patrons to become Mugsar Immortal Benefactors and sponsor a sign back here at the Mugsar which would garner a Finder's Commission 80% !!!.
More details will be added here.

Mugsar Careers / Internships / Volunteers

There are going to be lots of opportunities. Let us know what you have to offer or be the first one to setup a local MugsarFest Fundraiser and make a name for yourself.

Mugsar World Tour / Guest Speaker / Video Conferencing / Personal Tuition

Pete, Mugsar Founder, will reciprocate your support in any way possible.

Merchandising

Mugsar Clay Tablets - there will be customized tablets for benefactors see Immortalizer

Educational GameApp

The Mugsar GameApp will be a natural progression if we can find an altruistic programmer. It will make learning Sumerian Cuneiform fun, easy and of course, nifty. It will incorporate all kinds of exercises. For instance, scoring points depending on the time taken to find a particular sign, unicode, lemma, and translation.

Plan B - a PBL shows 'em all, and why education must change for the 121st Century It would be awesome if whiz kids nurtured at a PBL (Project Based Learning like at High Tech High San Diego) school pulled off the GameApp. Automatically making it internationally famous.

IPO

Every startup dreams of a successful IPO and cashing in stock options, especially a genuine epochal altruistic one that can give Menlo Park - Silicon Valley - Venture Capitalists something very rare in exchange, Immortality.
The idea is, every sponsorship dollar now would convert to stock options later. So not only do you get longterm benefit, immortality, but also a bonus in the shortterm. How long? Dare we entertain an IPO within 10 years. Historically, looking back, which would have deserved an IPO more in the 121st century, Facebook or Mugsar?

Mugsar Foundation

Last but not least, one day when we stumble onto a big benefactor we will have a Mugsar Foundation with a Board of Trustees (with one a blood descendant of the founder, of course) eternal guardianship to increase the chances of our shot at immortality.

Mugsar Tagline

Oldest Education Proverb (c. 7000CT / 5000 ya)

dub-sar eme-gi nu-mu-un-zu-a a-na-am₃ nam-dub-sar

What kind of a student is a student who does not know Sumerian?

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'education' true etymology = edub

Of course, the shame is not on the student, we all know where the social responsibility lies when we are talking about the oldest written language - the first schools, the founders of 'education' (indeed, the word's true etymology is clearly edub, 3000 years before Latin plagio). So we can just as easily substitute, "What kind of teacher / professor / dean / principal / chancellor / school / university / education department director / culture..."

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How to use

For mobiles / small screens best viewed in landscape.
The Main Listings follow same order as the standard cuneiform unicode (alpha-numeric) column after column (why didn"t the powers that be just keep the codes sequentially all numeric?!). If you only have the sign try Major Lemma, then the QuickFinder Index.

First lemma (reading / syllable) after grapheme is usually the "sign name", sometimes the Sumerian name as well, as are any other readings / aliases after that. Gradually adding compounds. Cuneiform fonts have been replaced with jpg graphics because some tablets do not display them. Clearer shots of logograms will come eventually, for now use ScriptSource (click on first result for even bigger size) or Google Images (e.g. “unicode 120F6″).

And the Mugsar is proudly, and primarily, a Sumerian dictionary of the first writers, not Akkadian, Babylonian nor Hittite ones. So we pretty much are only interested in lemma that go back to at least Ur III (8000CT / 4000ya). Nor lemma that have 0x attestations. Again there are some great lexicons around but they include a big chunk of this latter stuff, when plagiarizing the Sumerians was in full swing. And don"t even show attestations, nor you know what… it's bad enough that there are no signs, but to think that much is not even Sterling-Sumerian, or rarely used, well.

You may notice with sign evolution, that it goes from the proto drawings to the cool Sumerian cuneiform, and then about 1000 years after them the fanastic pictures are lost through over simplification and the move to bland phonetic script. Who wants to look at that kind of dictionary. That's why we are proudly snobs of Mugsar!

MAIN LISTINGS

Numeric Unicode & A-Z Lemma [914]

12000 A [vowel; 2329x] = water (plural only) | (mû) (most often complimented with MEŠ) | progeny, heir; [110x] a cry of woe, bemoan, (sigh of) wonder, groan (aya) | dur₅, duru₅ [227x]= (to be) soft; (to be) wet, moist, damp; irrigated; fresh | { The Xxxxxx Family 12017CT}

cpds ID₂, i₇ [1086x] = river, canal | determinative &id₂; river names a-na [566x] = what?; as much as [it takes] (math.)[~ + 1223ENA aux.] am₃ = [50x]to be [copula variant cf. 12228; 12000 A progeny +1202DAN deity; True Etym. English 'am'] | šeg₃(šeg₃)[70x]= to (fall as) dew; to rain; rain

a-ba [326x] = who [12000 A progeny +12040 BA share]

A Variants:

uQQ a-a (aya) [561x] = father | cf. 1201C

12001 A x A; 12002 A x BAD; 12003 A x GAN2 tenu;

12004 A x HA | sa₇ (Borger za₃) [481x] = to disappear; to move away, withdraw; to stay away; (to be) lost; (to be) fugitive

12005 A x IGI; 12006 A x LAGAR gunu; 12007 A x MUSH; 12008 A x SAG

12009 A₂, ID, TI₈, IDUM= [6115x] arm /limb; labor; wing; horn; side; strength; wage; power | time | [Evol.: shoulder + arm] | cpd id-gurum(id-gur₂) [2026x] = ladle | AN, a₂-an [48x] = spadix (plant spike, erection)

1200A AB, IM₅ | = cosmic sea, window | AB.BA = ancestor | cpd ABZU = abyss [~ + 1236A ZU know] – Sumerian mythology: the world / earth was a disc and under was the abzu [label: True Etymology] |

cpd UNU, unu₆ [1511x] = banquet; dining hall; the most sacred part of a temple; seat, throne; dwelling, domicile, abode; temple

AB Variants:

1200B ~ x ASH2; 1200C ~ x DUN3 gunu; 1200D ~ x GAL | irigal [OB]; 1200E ~ x GAN2 tenu; 1200F ~ x HA; 12010 ~ x IGI gunu; 12011 ~ x IMIN (5+2=7); 12012 ~ x LAG~; 12013 ~ x SHESH

12014 AB x U + U + U | UNU, UNUG, ERI₁₁, AB x EŠ | ^URU UNUG(Sumerian)= Uruk

12015 AB gunu | ab₄,aba₄, gun₄, iri₁₁, unu, unug| cpd URIM(Sumerian)= Ur (city) | unug,unu_{2 (}see unu₆ above 1200A)

12016 AB₂ [5272x] = cow [cf. 121A8 KISIM₅(with tail – sour milk)]

AB₂ Variants:

12017 ~ x BALAG;

12018 ~ x GAN2 tenu| šem₅ [14x]= a drum

12019 ~ x ME +EN;

1201A ~ x SHA3 | lipiš [40x] =inner body; heart; anger, rage | šem₃, ub₃ [15x] = a drum

1201B ~ x TAK4

1201CAD [36x] = father [cf. uQQaya (561x)] |ad [26x] voice; cry; noise | [13x] log; plank

cpd ad-da = father [ ~ + 12055 DA line (gen.)] | True Etym. “dad”

1201D AK(ag) [3643x] = to do; to make; to act, perform; to proceed,proceeding (math.)

cpdim-ak-a-bi = revenge [1214E IM anger + 1201D AK to do

+ 12000 A bemoan + 12049 BI open]

MU-AK = do (cooking) [1222C MU name, cook + 1201D AK do]

1201E AK x ERIN2 | me₃ [243x] = battle, combat

1201F AK x SHITA + GISH

12020 AL [744x] = hoe / hoeing, pickax [tool; CVNE = compound verb nominal element]

AL Variants:

12021 ~ x ~; 12022 ~ x DIM2; 12023 ~ x GISH; 12024 ~ x HA; 12025 ~ x KAD3; 12026 ~ x KI; 12027 ~ x SHE; 12028 ~ x USH

12029 ALAN, ALAM [399x] = statue, icon, form | (GUD/GUD).NA₂| cf. 1223F Nu₂ lay, bed

1202A ALEPH [reconstructed (first) sign => "A" ??; cf. HI sweet/good; ox (head)]

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

1202B AMAR [2771x] = young, youngster, son, descendant; calf / young bull, chick | zur | cpdamar-utu =Marduk (bull calf of the sun god utu – northern hemisphere 12 day winter solstice celebration of his birthday, later plagarized by various cultures) [ ~ + 12313 utu sun]

1202C AMAR x SHE (ŠE) = sacrifice, ritual

1202D AN, DIGIR (dingir) [1837x] = sky, god, goddess, deity, cosmic; heaven; upper; crown (of a tree) | determinative divine names &d; | plant spadix (spike) erection – see12009

1202E AN/AN;

1202F AN x 3 | AN/AN.AN, mul [129x] = star; to shine, radiate (light); arrow; to radiate (branches)[Tara! (also in sanskrit)] | determinative ^&mul; stars / planets

cpd mul-an [33x] = cosmic star [1202F MUL star + 1202D AN cosmic]

12030 AN + NAGA OPP. AN + NAGA; 12031 AN + NAGA sq

12032 ANSHE / anše= [2957x] donkey, equid (hoofed mammals) | DUR₃, DUSU₂ | ANŠE+NUN+NA = mule | ANŠE+KUR+RA = horse | determinative donkey/horse names &ance;

12033 APIN, ^GIŠapin (uru₄) [741x] = (seed) plow | uru₄ [359x] = sow, cultivate | ^LÚengar = farmer | àbsin = furrow (long shallow trench)

12034 ARAD, ÌR (ir₃), níta, nita = [269x] slave, servant

12035 ARAD₂ (ir₁₁) x KUR = [3028x] slave, servant [from the hinterland / mountain tribes]

[PLM] Jaritz #668 "(male) slave". It is normally read as arad2 but it also reads ge24 for *gi24 which simply means "male"; and that the meaning "male" is derived from *gix, phallus, making gi24 *gî24.

12036 ARKAB | arkab₂ = [0x!] bird orbat | argab (GAR-IB)

12037 ASAL₂ | asal_x = [0x!] poplartree [PSD aliases: asar₂ ašar₂ (A.TU.GABA.LIŠ)]

12038 ASH / AŠ [191x] = 1 (“1″ one numeric) | dili [227x]= (to be) single, unique, sole; (to be) alone

12039 ASH ZIDA tenu; 1203A ASH KABA tenu

1203B ~/~ TUG2/TUG2 TUG2/TUG2 PAP

1203C ASHx3, ESH / EŠ = 3 (“3″ three numeric)

1203D ASH/~/~ +-ing ~/~/~ | KASH / kaš₂(kas) = beer, alcohol [1344x] cf 12049

1203E ASH₂ (út), aš₂ = curse [51x]

1203F ASHGAB / AŠGAB [631x] = leather-worker

12040 BA = [839x]split; to divide into shares, share, halve, to allot; porridge; [26x]animal, marine creature; [11x]open, thresh | [19x] tool (cpd reed stylus)

[PLM]central line demarcating the gluteal cleft of the buttocks [True Etym. bum, butt-ocks], with the line extending below as a tail, to make its position on the anatomy clear cf. Inana L116[Jaritz #5]

cpd su₈-ba (ES) [25x] = shepherd

ba-ni-in-dug₄-ga = more violent threshing about [12040 BA threshing + 1224C NI quiver + 12154 IN = abuse, rape + 12157 dug4 / KA = perform + 120B5 GA suckling, hold]

ba-ni-in-su-ub-ba = kissing [12040 BA thresh about + 1224C NI quiver+ 12154 IN = abuse, rape + 122E2 SU submerge, flesh + 12312 UB praise, ruin]

12041 BAD, BE | [109x] (to be) remote; to open, undo | SUMUN, SUN = lú+bad = lord | munus+bad = lady | úš = death, destruction | reed stylus ?? cf. 12357 uš₂ = die, kill; blood | cf. 12300 TIL

12042 BAG₃ ?? = qqq [numeric ??; ba-ga ?? | pag, bag, bak, pak, HU, 12137]

12043 BAHAR₂ [315x] = potter

12044 BAL, giš, ^gešbalak(^gešbalak,^gešbala,^gešbala) [31x] = spindle cf. 121B0 NUMUN seed

cpd balbale (bal-bal-e) [34x] = literary subscript [~x2 + 1208A e speak]

12045 BAL/BAL

12046 BALAG [154x], DUB₂ = harp, large drum (instrument)

12047 BAR [2579x] = outside, (other) side; behind; outer form, outer; fleece; outsider, strange; back, shoulder; liver; because of; to set aside; to cut open, slit, split | half; LÚ+MÁŠDA = poor man | MAŠD+TAB+BA = twin cf 12226

12048 BARA₂, barag = [423x] ruler, king; dais, seat;[52x] sack; a part of an animal's body;[7x] mix

12049 BI / PI, KASH / kaš [13889x] = beer; alcoholic drink | determinative ^&kac; alcohol | (* True Etym. bi => beer); open [also 1203D ]

1204A ~ x A

1204B ~ x GAR | bappir₃ [385x] = an ingredient in beer-making

1204C ~ x IGI gunu

1204D BU, GID₂ = [2252x] long, length | bur₁₂(bu) = to tear[189x; verb]

1204E ~/~ AB; 1204F ~/~ UN; 12050 ~ +-ing ~

12051 BULUG [56x] =needle; stake; boundary; seal pin

12052 ~/~

12053 BUR [85x] = (food) offering, sacrifice; meal(-time); (stone) bowl; a priest | bur [67x]= a unit of area; a unit of volume | cpd burgul (BUR+GUL) = stone-cutter [55x]

12054 BUR₂ = [78x] light; to glow, shine | bur₂ [176x] = to release, free; to reveal; to spread out, cover

12055 DA, DAG [77x] = line (esp genealogy) | da =[479x]side, edge; vicinity | ^gešda(^gešda) = [13x]writing board | [PLM] da side

cpd DAGGAN, da-gan₂ [11x] = (sleeping) chamber [ ~ + 120F7 GAN field, area];

DA-GA_NA = lair [12055 DA lair + 120B5 GA suckling, hold + 1223E NA man, pestle, pounder]

12056 DAG [46x] = dwelling

DAG KISIM₅ (121A8 sour milk [cow] + dwelling = diary farm??) Variants:

12057 ~ x A + MASH; 12058 ~ x AMAR;

12059 ~ x BALAG; 1205A ~ x BI

1205B DAG-KISIM₅ x GA | akan, ubur = female breast, nipple

1205C ~ x GA + MASH; 1205D ~ x GI; 1205E ~ xGIR₂

1205F DAG-KISIM₅ x GUD | utul₅ = cow herd

12060 ~ x HA; 12061 ~~ x IR; 12062 ~~ x IR + LU ;12063 ~~ x KAK; 12064 ~~ x LA; 12065 ~~ x LU; 12066 ~~ x LU + MASH2; 12067 ~~ x LUM; 12068 ~~ x NE; 12069 ~~ x PAP + PAP; 1206A ~~ x SI; 1206B ~~ x TAK4; 1206C ~~ x U2 + GIR2; 1206D ~~ x USH

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

1206E DAM [2104x] = wife, spouse

cpd nam-dam [92x] = marriage [12246 NAM determined order + ~]

e₂-dam [10x] = tavern [1208D e₂ house + ~]

1206F DAR [402x] = to break up, crush, grind; to split, split up; to cut open | durah_x(dara₄)[410x] = wild goat, mountain goat | cf. 12071 below

12070 DARA₃ ~ IBE_X |durah(dara₃)[89x] = wild goat, mountain goat | cf. 1206F

12071 DARA₄ [43x] = (to be) red; (to be) brown; blood | cf. 1206F above

12072 DI (de, did) [452x] = right, justice, law, lawsuit, trial; legal decision | cpd di-kud = judge, judgement; lawsuit [ ~ + 122FB decide] | sa₂ (sá) [452x] = to equal, compare, compete, be equal to, rival; [91x] to tie (shoes); [46x] advice, counsel; resolution, intelligence | salim, silim [228x] = well-being; healthy, prosperity; completeness, favourable | syll.: ti₄

12073 DIB, DAB = GRASP | LU, UDU = sheep [cf 121FB]

12074 DIM [38x] = post, pillar, pole; binding, knot, bond; plant

12075 DIM x SHE / ŠE, DIM x KUR | MUN [427x] = salt; to be brackish; older ??

12076 DIM₂ [2109x] = to create, make, manufacture; to replace?; to bring forth?

12077 DIN [1x UNMNG – PSD: unknown/ED IIIb/Nippur...] cf. compound suffix – chariot, vegetable

12078 DIN KASKAL U gunu DISH

12079 DISH [5x!] = 1 (“1″ one numeric) | GEŠ₂[92x] = 60 sixty;| DIŠ (gè), GIŠ₂, NIGIDA

1207A DU [5868x] gin, ra₂, ri_6, gen (gen) = to go / come; [2789x] = to go; to flow | de₆ [1794x] / tum₂ [10x behind tum₃ 134x] = to bring / carry | GUB = stand

cpd e₃ (UD-DU) [1850x] = to leave, to go out; to thread, hang on a string; to remove, take away; to bring out; to enter; to bring in; to raise, rear (a child); to sow; to rave; to winnow; to measure (grain) roughly (with a stick); to rent [12313 UD sun + ~]

gen-na = go [ ~ + 1223E pestle]

im-gen = went [1214E IM copula + ~]

a-ra2 [4046x] = times (with numbers, multiplication); ways; way; omen; step (math.) [12000 A progeny + ~]

1207B DU/DU; 1207C DU gunu

1207D DU sheshig / šešis, gir₅, KASH / kaš₄ (kas₄) [1089x] = runner, trotter, messenger; to run

1207E DUB [1183x] = (clay) tablet, document | kišib₃ kishib₃ [17468xxx!] = cylinder seal, sealed tablet

[PLM] Jaritz #239 "(brick/tablet) mold", and is recorded to mean "clay tablet", which is simply a "molded loaf" put to an intellectual rather than a constructional use; dub also recorded to read dubb(-)a (for *dûppâ), which would represent "molded (thing)" = "tablet/brick". Sumerian *dûp is also recorded for the meaning "heap/pile up, spread out mud to make bricks"

cf. 12229mes(meš₃), kišib black hero; 1231D UM reed (stylus?) stem

cpds:

dubsar [11320x] = scribe [1207E DUB tablet + 122AC SAR write] | True Etym.: English "dub" (to name; give higher standing; replace script / sound)

eduba (e₂-dub) = education, school (Literature of Ancient Sumer, Jeremy Black, xxiv [Google Books]) True Etym., edu-cation [1208D e₂ house + 1207E (above) dub tablets {education = house of tablets}]

gi-dub-ba = reed tablet stylus [12100 GI reed stem + 1207E DUB tablet + 12040 BA divide tool]

How to write on clay

bisag-dub-ba [450x] = archivist [ 120B7 bisag basket + 1207E DUB tablet + 12040 BA divide tool]

dub-bala [31x] = to go over an account [ ~ + 12044 BAL spindle, turn]

nam-dub-sar = [16x] scribe arts / craft [12246 NAM determined order; destiny + ~]

nam-dub-sar-ra-ni = do. [+ verb aux.]

e₂-dub-ba-a = scribe school [1208D e₂ school, house + 1207E DUB tablet + 12040 BA allot, share + 12000 water, progeny]

1207F DUB x ESH2

12080 DUB₂ [186x] = to tremble, make tremble; to push away, down; to smash, abolish

12081 DUG [3196x] dug_x(BI), BI x A = (clay) pot; a unit of liquid capacity | determinative vessels &dug;

12082 DUGUD [124x] = heavy, important

12083 DUH [556x] / DU, DU, du₈ [2369x] = bake, to release, loose, loosen, undo, strip off; to spread out mud to make bricks; to caulk (filler, seal) TU, DU₈, GAB | GABA = breast | cf. 120EE same sign GABA = copy; equal

cpd mu-un-du₈-du₈ = stripped, made naked [1222C name, phallus + 12326 (KALAM = Sumer) + 120EE (/12083) du₈ (GABA) x2 strip off; spread; breast; equal [NB double emphasis on strip / ravage]]

12084 DUN [32x] = to dig

12085 DUN3, GIN₂, TUN₃ = cover | cpd sag-DUN₃ [447x] = land recorder;du₅-mu = apprentice (ES) [after 12309 dumu]

12086 DUN3 gunu | gig₄(gin₂) [18136x] = unit of weight, shekel (see 122BA "SHE"); a unit of area; a unit of volume | gel / kel, aga₃

cpd aga₃-kar₂ [5x] = conqueror [ ~ + uQQ kar₂ insult, blow up, light]

12087 DUN₃ gunu gunu

12088 DUN₄, DUL₄, ŠUDUN₃, ŠUDUL₃, URgunû šešig, MIRšešig = yoke | mir (mer) [347x] = north wind; north; storm

12089 DUR₂ [98x] = backside rump, butt-ocks; defile, cleft[cpd suffix e.g. wooden ledger board] | cf. 121AA

cpd dur₂-bi-še₃ = rump [12089 backside + 12049 BI open + 12365 še₃ string (cf. loincloth)]

1208A E [vowel; 399x] = to speak | perfect plural and imperfect stem of "dug"; princely | interjection marker; fear, aura

1208B E x PAP

1208C E/E NUN/NUN

1208D E₂ [13124x] = house, household; temple; station (of the moon)?; room; house-lot; estate | determinative &e₂; buildings / rooms names

cpd É.GAL = palace [ ~ + 120F2 GAL big]

e-a-ni = temple [ ~ + aux a-ni: "12000 A wonder + 1224C NI timelessness"]

E₂ Variants:

1208E ~ x A + HA + DA; 1208F ~ x GAR; 12090 ~ x MI;

12091 ~ x SAL; 12092 ~ x SHE; 12093 ~ x U

12094 EDIN / EDEN, bir₄ = steppe, open country; back [True Etymology Dictionary: 2000 years before religio Eden myths; note also Eridu] | Subir

12095 EGIR, egir(egir, eger) [393x] = back, rear; after; estate, inheritence; again

12096 EL, SIKIL [457x] = pure | cf. 122DB SI = horn [cuneus + horny = pure]

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

12097 EN [1480x] = lord / master / rulers of (abbrev. for) Sumer | [7739x] = priest

major cpd KI-EN-GI = Sumer [121A0 KI cosmic + 12097 EN lord + 12100 GI {not gir₁₅! see notes}] [ETCSL ex: Poem Išme-Dagan (c.2.5.4.01), line c25401.A.364]

-eb-us₂-en = protection from the rulers of Sumer (your black brothers – Inana & Šukaletuda c133.233) [120F6 be he + 12141 IB oval + 12351 us₂ lean on + 12097 EN rulers of Sumer]

E₂ Variants:

12098 EN x GAN₂ BURU_14, BAR₈, SULLIM | buru₁₄, = [206x] harvest, summer

12099 EN x GAN2 tenu; 1209A EN x ME; 1209B EN +-ing EN;

1209C EN opp EN; 1209D EN sq

1209E EREN [213x] = cedar

1209F ERIN₂, erin₂(erem, eren₂, erim) [2722x] = people, troops | ZALAG₂; PIRIG | giš+érin = scales | érin+meš = troops, military unit | cpd gurum₂ [726x] = inspection, provisions [12146 IGI eye + ~]

120A0 ESH₂(EŠ ~ bà), gir₁₅ [7x! little as used] = native, local | cf. 1222A gi₆[7223x] = black ~ giving ki.en.gi …Seems like some elites (incl those that control Wakipedia!) don"t want to emphasize ki.en.gi = black Sumerians (are smarter because "the reed stylus is mightier than the sword", see 12100 gi) — they use instead non-Sumerian, little used (see notes), Babylonian 120A0 gir subscript number 15 no less, which is really "flour" 12365 zi₃ [7223x!] which such types, incl. University of Pennsylvania's PSD relegates / obscures in italics as

..

[12401]eš₆ = “3″ [numeric list]

120A1 EZEN (EZEM) [1136x] = festival;walled area?? | IZIN, KEŠDA | šir₃, sir₃ [150x]= sing, song, epic

EZEN Variants:

120A2 ~ x A; 120A3 ~ x A + LAL; 120A4 ~ x A + LAL x LAL; 120A5 ~ x AN

120A6 EZEN x BAD, UG₅, BAD₃ = wall, fortification

120A7 ~ x DUN3 gunu; 120A8 ~ x DUN3 gunu gunu; 120A9 ~ x HA; 120AA ~ x HA gunu; 120AB ~ x IGI gunu; 120AC ~ x KASKAL | sud₅ = purify; 120AD ~ x KASKAL sq; 120AE ~ x KU3; 120AF ~ x LA; 120B0 ~ x LAL x LAL; 120B1 ~ x LI; 120B2 ~ x LU; 120B3 ~ x U2; 120B4 ~ x UD

..120B5 GA = [4425x] suckling (cow), young | ga (ES) [1794x]= to bring / carry | gur₁₁ = heap up | cf.120FC GA = knob, unit measurement

True Etym. – "galaxy" – "gala = milk" – 120B5 GA clearly depicts a cow; also cpd gal₄-la = procreating female parts; also 120F2 GAL big, great

cpd ga-na, gana[25x]= come on! [~ + 1223E NA aux]

120B6 GA gunu

120B7 GA₂ (ga_{2 /} gá), mal, bisag / bisag[704x] (pisan) = basket | [208x] place [#2 behind 120FB 2500x ] | ga₂ (ga₂) [67x] = house | PLM: shallow dish; jaw?? [pregnant??]

GA₂ Variants:

120B8 ~ x A + DA + HA; 120B9 ~ x A + HA;

120BA ~ x A + IGI; 120BB ~ x AB2 tenu + TAB

120BC GA₂ x AN, | ama = [863x] mother (goddess) | [PLM: maternal love - True Etym. cf. Latin ama-re / amor] | ama-lu | AMA-AN-MUŠ₃ | dagal [745x] = (to be) wide / broad; width, breadth

120BD ~ x ASH; 120BE ~ x ASH2 + GAL; 120BF ~ x BAD ; 120C0 ~ x BAR + RA; 120C1 ~ x BUR; 120C2 ~ x BUR + RA; 120C3 ~ x DA; 120C4 ~ x DI; 120C5 ~ x DIM x SHE; 120C6 ~ x DUB; 120C7 ~ x EL; 120C8 ~ x EL + LA; 120C9 ~ x EN; 120CA ~ x EN x GAN2 tenu; 120CB ~ x GAN2 tenu; 120CC ~ x GAR; 120CD ~ x GI; 120CE ~ x GI4; 120CF ~ x GI4 + A; 120D0 ~ x GIR2 + SU; 120D1 ~ x HA + LU + ESH2; 120D2 ~ x HAL; 120D3 ~ x HAL + LA; 120D4 ~ x HI + LI; 120D5 ~ x HUB2; 120D6 ~ x IGI gunu; 120D7 ~ x ISH + HU + ASH; 120D8 ~ x KAK; 120D9 ~ x KASKAL; 120DA ~ x KID; 120DB ~ x KID + LAL; 120DC ~ x KU3 + AN; 120DD ~ x LA; 120DE ~ x ME + EN; 120DF ~ x MI ; 120E0 ~ x NUN

120E1 GA₂ x NUN/NUN = beam | UR₃[282x]= to shut; protection

120E2 GA₂ x PA, SILA₄, GAZI = lamb

120E3 GA₂ x SAL; 120E4 ~ x SAR

120E5 GA₂ x SHE, ESAG₂, = store, warehouse

120E6 GA₂ x SHE + TUR; 120E7 ~ x SHID; 120E8 ~ x SUM; 120E9 ~ x TAK4; 120EA ~ x U; 120EB ~ x UD; 120EC ~ x UD + DU; 120ED ~/~

..

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

120EE GABA, TU, du₈ = [821x] breast, chest; frontier; [proudly display] | copy; equal |[3x] a designation of sheep | cf. 12083 same sign = release; spread

cpds gaba-ri [563x] = copy; equal [ ~ + 12291 RI = lay down]

im-mi-du₈ = proudly display [1214E IM wind, mood, is (copula) + 1222A MI black + 120EE (/12083) du₈ (GABA); spread]

120EF GABA +-ing GABA

120F0 GAD (KAD) [633x] = linen, flax (plant fibre that is made into a thread and woven) cf. MURUB₂

120F1 GAD/GAD GAR/GAR

120F2 GAL [6612x] = big, great

True Etym. – "galaxy" [even if you take the 'gala = milk' line, then we have 120B5 GA (sign clearly depicting a big cow) and cpd gal₄-la = procreating female parts

120F3 GAL GAD/GAD GAR/GAR

120F4 GALAM, SUKUD [227x] = height, altitude

120F5 GAM = down, below | gurum, gur₂ [138x] = to bend, curve, wrap around; to bow; to roll up; to curb, restrain; to watch over | cpd id-gurum(id-gur₂) [2026x] = ladle

120F6 GAN / KAN [12x] = bear young; child-bearing [HO.GAN!] | he₂ ()[8x]= be (it / he / she) | be₂ [52x #2 behind e] = perfect plural and imperfect stem of "dug"

cpdDA-GAN [2x] = totality; assembly; band [12055 DA line (esp genealogy) + ~]

-em = to be [ ~ + 1214E IM to be]

he₂-gal₂[300x] = plenty [ ~ + 12145 gal₂ lay down]

PLM / True Etym. orig. reed jug over a waist with two legs", indicating a "reed jug being carried, "pointed-thing" = "reed" [Jaritz #271] … so can also be interpreted as "carrying/storing a basket-like/womb"; and with this interpretation reads GAN, "bear young"

From this Sumerian GAN / KAN cf. Greek kánna, "reed, cane"… Latin canna, "reed, cane, type of vessel", almost certainly the reverse process took place for the meaning "reed, cane";… the source of canna … "jug"… "pointed-thing-tool" = "(pointed, carrying) jug, amphora", seen in Greek kántharos, "drinking cup" … "jug", seen clearly in Frankish cannada, "jug" … reeds were hollow, and could be used for jugs by merely cutting off a section sealed naturally at the bottom…

cpdul₄-he₂[1x but 7000CT/3000plagio] = firmament, vault of the sky[12109ul₄ early; terror + 120F6 he₂ open]an

120F7 GAN2 / GAN₂, IKU = field, unit of area | determinative &iku; surface measurement

120F8 ~ tenu | kar₂ [55x] = to insult, slander | GAN2tenu- GAN2tenu, kar_2- kar₂ [52x] = to blow; to light up, shine; to rise

120F9 ~/~; 120FA ~ +-ing ~

..

120FB GAR, NINDA [11296x] = bread, pastry, baked, food – determinative ^&ninda; bread / baked items | cf. less common12252 NINDA₂ | gar(gar) [2505x] = place, to put, lay down; to give in place of something, replace; to posit (math.) | nig₂(nig₂) [1641x] = thing, possesion; something | nindan (ninda) [149x] = pole; unit of length; 12 ?? | ŠA₂, | LIMMU = 4 | cf. 122E9

120FC GAR₃ [31x] = knob; a unit of measurement cf 120B5young suckling

120FD GASHAN / GAŠAN = unit of area: one GAŠAN = 10 BÙRU (648000 m²) | Ugunû, BUR₃gunû = lady, mistress

120FE GESHTIN / geštin(geštin) [796x] = vine; wine|GIŠ+DIN; giš.geštin

120FF ~ x KUR

[various] GE | 1230B ge₁₄;12038 ge₁₅, sagtak(santak);12079 ge₃, sagtak₄(santak₄);1203A ge₂₂, santak₂;12039 ge₂₃, santak₃ = stylus cuneus; (piece of) writing, copy, exemplar, written; blow; wound | 122B9 | True Etym.: tack, small nail [sag ~ = 12295 headed (tack)]

12100 GI (ge) = [4900x] reed (stylus), [place of reeds / reed stylus => writing => knowledge => power (KI-EN-GI / Sumer – Tigris Euphrates delta ...see note)], cane, tube | gin₆(gi, gen₆) [924x] = (to be) permanent; to confirm, establish (in legal contexts), verify; (to be) true; a quality designation; medium quality | ke₂ | determinative reed names ^&gi;

^..

Many historians and anthropologists provide strong circumstantial evidence to posit that Iraq's Ma'dan (Marshland) people share very strong links to the ancient Sumerians – the most ancient inhabitants of southern Iraq… [Waki]

Studies show that Marsh Arabs have a high concentration of Haplogroup J1[mainly North Africa] for males.

See Genetic footprints of Sumerians in Iraq Marshlands (pdf).

Also see lively discussion here.

IAE, the reed stylus did come from the Marshlands:

Major cpds

KI-EN-GI = Sumer [121A0 KI cosmic + 12097 EN lord + 12100 GI {not gir₁₅! see notes}]

[ETCSL ex: Poem Išme-Dagan (c.2.5.4.01), line c25401.A.364]

eme-gi [23x cf ~gir₁₅ 9x] = Sumerian language[12174 EME language + 12100 GI reed / write]

gi-dub-ba = reed tablet stylus [12100 GI reed stem + 1207E DUB tablet + 12040 BA divide tool]

12101 GI x E; 12102 ~ x U

12103 ~ +ing GI| GILIM, gi₁₆ = to lie across; to be entwined [together]; to entwine, twist; rope of twined reeds; to block; (to be) difficult to understand | gel / kel

cpd gi₁₆-il = entwined (high up); foliage, forest

gel-le-eg₃(ES) = (to be) bad, evil; to forsake, forget; to destroy

[ES = emisal – female Sumerian]

12104 GI₄ [1485x] = to turn, return; to go around; to change status; to return (with claims in a legal case); to go back (on an agreement)

cpd im-ma-ši-in-gi₄ = return leering eye [1214E IM mud, storm + 12220 MA approach + 12146 IGI watch + 12154 IN abuse + 12104 gi₄ return]

gi₄-gi₄ = conversation (replies); jewellry; diviner (hidden knowledge)

mu-na-ni-ib-gi₄-gi₄ = reply, advise, to and fro, conversation [1222C MU year, dear, name, son + 1223E NA pestle + 1224C NI comes to pass + 12141 IB oval + ~ x2; ETCSL c133.231]

im-dab₆-gi₄-gi₄ = turning round and round [1214E IM mood, (copula) 1234F dab₆ go around, + 12104 gi₄ x2 turn, go around, return, change status; gi₄ x 2 therefore:'turn round and round' ??]

12105 ~/~; 12106 ~ +-ing ~

12107 GIDIM [45x] = ghost

12108 GIR₂, giš, gír [198x] = knife, dagger, razor, sword | ul₄.gal = sword

12109 ~ gunu | ul₄ [39x] = to hasten, (be) quick; (to be) early | ul₄ [12x] = terror | át=GÍRgunû [syll.]

PLM depicts a "cocoon" => "surround" [Jaritz #11]

1210A GIR₃, | giri3 (giri3) [10822x] = foot; path; via, by means of, under the authority of someone |

cpd huš (hush) [435x] = furious, angry; (to be) reddish, ruddy

1210B ~ x A + IGI; 1210C ~ x GAN2 tenu; 1210D ~ x IGI;

1210E ~ x LU + IGI; 1210F ~ x PA

12110 GISAL | ^gešgisal(^gešgisal) [19x] = rudder, oar; a roof part

12111 GISH, GIŠ, GEŠ = tree, wood | giš.mi / gissu = shade [ ^giš= determinative &jic; before wooden objects]

12112 ~ +-ing ~; 12113 ~ x BAD

12114 ~ x TAK4; 12115 ~ tenu

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

12116 GU [1850x] = cord, net; unretted flax stalks; backside

12117 ~ +-ing ~

12118 GU₂, TIK | gun₂(gu₂) / talent [5551x] = unit of weight (1 mina = 60 shekels. 1 talent = 60 mina); load; yield; rent, tax, tribute | [753x] = (river) bank; side; neck

12119 GU₂ x KAK, DUR = strip

1211A GU₂ x KAK x IGI gunu

1211B ~ x NUN; 1211C ~ x SAL + TUG2; 1211D ~ gunu

1211E GUD [17947x], gu₄ = bull, ox; cattle; calf; lion | determinative ^&gud; cattle names

1211F GUD x A + KUR

12120 GUD x KUR, AM | ^GU₄AM = wild bull | ^UDUAM = wild ram

12121 GUD/GUD LUGAL

12122 GUL [518x], SUN₂ = smite, break, to destroy; to break; to flatten; to carve, cut; to engrave

cf. im-gu-lu-u₈-a-bi = stirred up (to destroy) [1214E IM anger + 12116 GU backside + 121FB LU stirred up + 121C7 U₈ Oh! + 12000 A bemoan + 12049 BI open]

12123 GUM [18x] = to crush | cf. 12252

12124 GUM x SHE. GAZ, GAS = kill, slay

12125 GUR [27945x!] = capacity unit (c.300 litres), measuring vessel | ŠE.GUR.E ??

12126 GUR₇ [14x] = harvest, summer

12127 GURUN = fruit ??

12128 GURUSH / guruš (guruš) [9902x] = male, young adult male; able-bodied worker | cf. 12197 powerful; rare

12129 HA / A | KU₆ = fish

1212A ~ tenu; 1212B ~ gunu

1212C HAL = [55x] divide, deal out, distribute; to perform an extispicy [shaman fortune readings of organs of sacrificed animals]; to open; a secret; to pour away; to sieve; to slink, crawl away; a qualification of grain .. cpd HAL-HA ~ + 12129 fish | stick; disease; crotch

1212D HI [2735x] [pron.throaty h] I (a4), TÍ (dí), I () = mix | dug₃(du₁₀) [1587x] = (to be) good, good thing, goodness, sweet | dub₃ [55x] = knee | cf. hul, hulu [13901x; uQQ] = bad

cpd dug₃-ga = good [ ~ + 120B5 GA suckling, carry]

dub₃-nir = emit [1212D dub₃ knee + nir winnow]

hi(-iz)^sar [18x] = vegetable [ ~ + 122AC ^{SAR determ.} garden]

HI Variants:

1212E HI x ASH

1212F HI x ASH2 (AŠ₂) | ur₅ [1215x] = interest-bearing loan; debt; requital, favour | ur₅ [190x] = he; that, this same; maid, female slave; one; corresponding (to one another); like (one another) | AR₃, KÍN, MUR | AR = ring | UR = thick | UR+SAG = mountain

12130 HI x BAD; 12131 ~ x DISH; 12132 ~ x GAD; 12133 ~ x KIN;

12134 ~ x NUN | A (a e i u);

12135 HI x (SHE)ŠE | dubur = horizon

12136 ~ x U

12137 HU (u), mušen = bird | determinative ^&mucen; after bird names | bird laying egg, see 122DB

12138 HUB2 / UB₂ [3x] = foot | HUBI [7x] = acrobat | left cf 1218F KAB, GAB₂, GUB₃ [CVNE = compound verb nominal element]

12139 HUB2 x AN; 1213A HUB2 x HAL; 1213B HUB2 x KASKAL;

1213C HUB2 x LISH; 1213D HUB2 x UD

..

1213E HUL₂ / UL₂, hul₂ [347x] = joy .. cpd šag₄-hul₂(ša₃-hul₂) [189x] = to be happy [122AE heart + ~]| ukuš₂ [39x] = cucumber

1213F I (vowel) | IA = “5” [five numeric] | [5x] hey!|[PLM]The ultimate basal meaning is "set of eyes"; and from it, the prototypical "pair", which, of course, is wholly arbitrary in view of "two hands/legs, etc.". Its use for "many" is probably an extension of the idea of a naturally occurring "set", regardless of the specific number: here, "five (fingers)"…

cpd i-bi₂[50x behind igi 1082x] = eye, (prob esp) carved eye (for statues)

[1240A] Í, IÁ, IA₂ = 5, 300; 12140 I A

12141 IB = [108x]oval; [0x]profession

12142 IDIM = blocked, heavy, spring (underground water) ??

12143 ~/~ BUR; 12144 ~/~ sq

12145 IG [88x] door| gal_{2 /} gal₂ [3954x]= to be (there, at hand, available); to exist; to put, place [/class ?? cf. mi-iq-tum (miqtum, mi-gal₂-tum) = social class], lay down; to havecf. copula |

cpdim-mi-gal₂ = classified [1214E IM mood, is (copula) + 1222A MI black (high) + 12145 gal₂ place, class]

12146 IGI [1133x], ŠI, LIM = eye, vision, watch, notice; carved eye (for statues) | igi [3906x] = first, earlier; front; face | True Etym.: ig-no-re / ig-no-rant (not know/see) <= ig(i) + 12261 nu no .. IGI is an awesome cuneiform design by an unknown scribe (appearing on tablets over 5000 ya), one of our eReader Top 5, and the sound / reading too, obviously would have caught the eye of plariarists down the millennia; there's also something fishy about our "I" and "eye" (sound and arrangement of letters).

cpds

gurum₂ [726x] = inspection, provisions [ ~ + 1209F ERIN₂ people, troops]

pad₃ (reveal) cpds

pad₃ [2313x] = to find, discover; to name, nominate [~ + 12292 RU fall; throw]

mu-un-pad₃-da = revealed to the people [1222C MU name + 12326 UN (KALAM = Sumer) + ~ + 12055 DA writing board]

ga-ra-pad₃-pad₃ = like threshing grain will be revealed [120B5 GA bring + 1228F RA thresh + cpd pad₃ reveal x2]

ga-mu-ni-in-pad₃ = find (esp revenge) [120B5 GA carry + 1222C MU name + 1224C NI in the end + pad₃ find]

nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad₃-de₃ = in all the lands could not find rapist (of Inana) [12261 NU not + 1231D UM approach, disease + 12220 MA land; approach + 1224C NI in time+ 12154 IN abuse, rape (rapist + pad₃ find + 12248 de₃ carry]

uQQ HUL, HULU [13901x] = bad, to destroy; (to be) bad-smelling, maloderous; (to be) bad, evil; (to be) slight, lightweight; (to be) false; (to be) criminal, dishonest; enemy; to raid; to strike the eyes; blinker

12147 IGI DIB | U₃, Ù [6341x] = and; but; also | LIBIR = sleep, dream

cpd lu₂-u₃ = other; man and [121FD lu₂ man / him + 12147 u₃ and]

12148 IGI RI | ar [syll.]; 12149 ~/~ SHIR/SHIR UD/UD

1214A IGIgunû, SIG₇ = 10000 ; [62x] class of worker; [48x] to pluck hair or wool;(to be) trimmed, pruned

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

1214B IL = to be(come) high

1214C IL x GAN2 tenu

1214D IL₂= [1362x] to raise, carry; (collect); [2x] worker; [0x] tax

1214E IM [680x] = clay, mud; tablet | determinative ^&im; made of clay | tumu, tum₉ [49x] = wind | determinative ^&tum9; winds | [48x] rain, storm (/ steaming anger)- [weather / mood] | [73x] em = to be (is / was) copula variant cf 12228 | ni₂

A curious development from EME [12174 tongue] "voice-emit" = "make a sound" is found in Jaritz #721, which depicts a "sail with rigging" [cf. harbinger for antenna, radio signal] and reads *îm(i) (for *îm(i)); it means "wind, storm-wind"; i.e. "moaning (of the wind), pars pro toto" [a part (taken) for the whole]. Strong support for this analysis is furnished by another meaning attached to this sign: "fear"; this is understandable for "moaning" but not for simply "wind" or "storm(-wind)". "Moaning" has attracted the reading ni₂ [1224E] "be afraid", "fear", which represents "snivel-stative-like" = "sniveling" = "fear".

cpd im-ma-ni-in-su-ub = kissing [1214E IM storm + 12220 MA flow + 1224C NI quiver + 122E2 SU submerge, flesh + 12312 UB praise, ruin]

im-te-a-ni = himself / herself

1214F IM x TAK4 | kid₇ [6x] = cut; break off; pinch off; scratch; demolish | cf. uQQ kid₂= [1.] do., ~ [4.]

12150 ~ +-ing ~;

12151 ~ opp ~ [??1224E ni₂]; 12152 ~ sq

12153 IMIN [31x] = “7″ (5+2) [seven numeric]

12154 IN [31x] = abuse, rape | gir₁₂

cpd hazin (^urudha-zi-in/ ^urudaha-zi-in) [128x] = axe [determ 1234F + 12129 HA fish + 12363 ZI raise + ~] See Nergal's Axe c573.4

12155 IR, GAGgunû = plead, ask; divinate; perfume ?? | DIG = soft [6x] | cf. 1224C NI oil

12156 ISH (iš) [15x] = mountain; summer | kuš₇(šuš₃) [1587x]= high official, bureaucrat, civil servant

12157 KA (gù) | KAG₂ [1329x] = mouth | du₁₁, dug₄ [3878x]=speak- to speak, talk, say; to order; to do, perform [cpd: 12351 + dug₄ = mating]; to negotiate| gu₃, kir₄ | inim (enim)[1329x] = word; matter (of affairs), thing | zú / zu₂ = tooth; chew | kiri = nose

cpd dug₄-ga-gu₁₀ = mating [12157 dug4 / KA = perform + 120B5 ga suckling, carry + 1222C gu₁₀ (MU) dear, name, son, phallus, year]

dug₄-ga-ni = mating

zu₂-kešda = compiler, organizer [12157 zu₂ cutting edge + 1219F kešda bind, organize]

"...The compiler of the tablets is Enheduana.
'My king, something has been created that no one has created before.'"
[see Dedicaton]
etcsl.orinst.ox...c4801.543

KA Variants:

12158 KA x A, nag / nag [400x]= to drink

12159 KA x AD; 1215A ~ x AD + KU3; 1215B ~ x ASH2; 1215C ~ x BAD |uš₁₁ = poison [OB]; 1215D ~ x BALAG | šeg_{11 [OB]}; 1215E ~ x BAR; 1215F ~ x BI;

12160 ~ x ERIN2 | syll.: mè | cf. 12128 copula, me₃ = battle

12161 ~ x ESH2; 12162 ~ x GA | sub [11x #2 behind su-ub] = suck; rub; 12163 ~ x GAL

12164 KA x GAN2 tenu | PÙ / pu₃ (bù) [21x] = mouth

12165 KA x GAR, GU₇ [1672x] (KU₂)= to eat

PLM:

12166 ~ x GAR + SHA3 + A; 12167 ~ x GI; 12168 ~ x GIR2; 12169 ~ x GISH + SAR; 1216A ~ x GISH +-ing GISH; 1216B ~ x GU; 1216C ~ x GUR7; 1216D ~ x IGI

1216E KA x IM, BUN₂ = thunder, thunderstorm

1216F KA x KAK, KIR₁₄ = nose

12170 ~ x KI; 12171 ~ x KID; 12172 ~ x LI; 12173 ~ x LU

12174 KA x ME [mouth x 12228ME to be] | EME [178x] = tongue, language [cf. True Etym. eme => phon-eme]

cpdeme-gi [23x cf ~gir₁₅ 9x] = Sumerian language [12174 EME language + 12100 GI reed / write]

..

12175 ~ x ME + DU; 12176 ~ x ME + GI; 12177 ~ x ME + TE;

12178 ~ x MI; 12179 ~ x MI + NUNUZ; 1217A ~ x NE

1217B KA x NUN, NUNDUM } = lip, rim | SU₆ = bread

1217C ~ x PI; 1217D ~ x RU; 1217E ~ x SA; 1217F ~ x SAR; 12180 ~ x SHA; 12181 ~ x SHE; 12182 ~ x SHID; 12183 ~ x SHU; 12184 ~ x SIG; 12185 ~ x SUHUR; 12186 ~ x TAR; 12187 ~ x U; 12188 ~ x U2; 12189 ~ x UD; 1218A ~ x UMUM x PA; 1218B ~ x USH; 1218C ~ x ZI

..

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

1218D KA₂, kan₄ [436x] = gate, door | cf. 1208D E₂ house

1218E KA₂ +-ing KA₂

1218F KAB, GAB₂, GUB₃, UB₂ = left | cf. 12138

12190 kad₂ = qqq | “other letter” ?? | cf. 120FO KAD / GAD linen, flax; 122D9 šuš₂ cover

12191 kad₃ sed_x = qqq | “other letter” ?? |

12192 kad₄ = [1x!]fish; [9x] tie | peš₅(pesh₅)[53x] = innards; to breathe; grandson; descendant; to give birth (to); (to be) pregnant; pregnancy; to gather; (to be) thick; (to be) wide | also uQQ peš [67x]

12193 KAD, kad₅ = [10x] to tie, gather; to itch, scratch; to weave a mat | banšur₃ (banshur)= table ??

12194 KAD5/KAD5

12195 KAK, gag [126x] = arrowhead; peg, nail | DU, DU₃ [cpd 12351 + ~ = mating], RU₂ [7061x] | GAG (dù) = to build, make do, perform

cpd -kak[2x] = cuneus; triangle[12295 sag head + ~ ]

12196 KAK x IGI gunu

12197 KAL, kalag = [102x] (to be) strong, powerful, mighty; to reinforce; to provide for .. cpds kal-ga [2280x] ; kal-la [11x] | kal [389x] = (to be) rare, valuable | cf. 12128young male

12198 ~ x BAD; 12199 ~ +-ing ~

1219A KAM2, kám = prob. "th" e.g. 15^th day… [ordinal marker; can't find in PSD et al – see waste of time below – penalty for not following most important rule of 'Scribe School'] cf. “5″ | change, desire ??

blood, semen, pus, blister and pustule A.1. diš na ta-at-ti-kám ša kàš gig |

^girNin-urta-kám Cuneiform Texts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Cuneiform Documents ed RH Sack:

UD. 15.KAM MU .[8].KAM

day. 15. ?? year .[8]. ??

15th day, [8th] year of

UD=day; MU = year

Therefore, all this bloody trouble just to find that

KAM₂ is an ordinal marker (glyph/gloss) i.e. = "th"!!!

1219B KAM4 | zubi [6x] = watercourse, canal, irrigation

[120F8] kar₂ [55x] = to insult, slander | GAN2tenu- GAN2tenu, kar_2- kar₂ [52x] = to blow; to light up, shine; to rise

1219C KASKAL [705x], KAS, RAŠ = way, road; journey, caravan | DANNA = mile [distance]

1219D ~ LAGAB x U/LAGAB x U; 1219E ~/~ LAGAB x U/LAGAB x U

1219F KESH2 / keš₂ (kešda) [853x] = to bind; gather; organize; assemble; compile => {computer tablet 5000 years later - and kešda looks like the first computer mainframe, brought by aliens of course!}

zu₂-kešda = compiler, organizer [12157 zu₂ cutting edge + ~ ]

121A0 KI (gi₅) [32379xxx!] = cosmic (under)world (cf ABZU) earth, land, place, ground, toward, country, lower, down below | determinative ^&ki; after place names |

ki-gu₁₀-še₃ = designated place [121A0 KI place + 1222C MU name, son + 12365 še₃ string]

121A1 KI x BAD; 121A2 KI x U; 121A3 KI x UD

121A4 KID, lil₂, ge₂ (gé), ke₄ = open field, steppe | ^gikid [509x] = (reed) mat | lil₂ [92x] = wind; ghost; female demon, Lilitu / Lilith of "Bilgames (Gilgamesh) and the Netherworld"

121A5 KIN = work, procedure; sickle | GUR₁₀ [470x] = to reap

121A6 KISAL [204x] = courtyard

121A7 KISH / KIŠ [14x] = totality, world

121A8 KISIM₅ = sour milk [2x][common compound aux. cf12016 AB₂ cow]

121A9 ~/~

121AA KU = backside | DAB₅ [8723x] = to seize, take, hold; to bind; to envelop, overwhelm; to choose (by extispicy); to accept; to take charge of | TUKUL, TUŠ = sit, seated | cf. 12089

121AB KU/HI x ASH2 KU/HI x ASH2

121AC KU₃, kug [1342x] = (to be) pure; [3875x] = metal, silver; (to be) bright, shiny | kug+an ~ azag = demon | kug+gi ~ guškin = gold | ~ + BABBAR = silver

cpdkug-ga-na = pure [121AC KUG pure + 120B5 suckling, carry +1223E NA man, pestle, pounder]

121AD KU₄, kur₉ [1489x] = to enter

121AE KU4

[122FB] KUD, ku5 [1111x] = to break off, deduct; to separate, cut off; to cut; to incise; to decide; to make clear

[12129]KU₆ = (fresh) fish | ^ku₆= determinative ^&ku6; after names of fish

121AF KU7 / KU₇ [65x]= (to be) good; (to be ) (honey-)sweet | KUD

121B0 KUL [59x] = to run | NUMUN [1219x] = seed cf. 12044 BAL spindle

cpd šag_4-bala(ša₃-bal)[1016x] = procreate, to produce offspring [122AE šag₄ heart + ~]

121B1 KUL gunu

121B2 KUN [225x] = tail; canal outlet

121B3 KUR [2494x] = mountain(s), land, country; underworld; east; easterner; east wind | determinative ^&kur; before mountains / countries

cpd kur-kur-ra = mountains; lands [ ~ + 1228F RA aux.]

121B4 KUR opp KUR

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

121B5 KUSHU2 / KUŠU₂ = a paste; phlegm, mucus, sputum; foam, scum, cum; saliva, spittle; poison | creature, [12x] crab [the crabs!] [cuneus]

uQQ KUSHU / KUŠU, kuš₂ [149x] = tired, troubled

121B6 KWU318 = grass

121B7 LA [65x] = bending over (backside); show, display; press; hang; supervise, check | [66x] a stand

PLM bend, carry, press together, crease together, pinch [of buttocks]…practice pederasty, take advantage of a woman through anal intercourse cf. Sukaletuda's rape of Inana L118 [Jaritz #968]; also Proto-Sumerian Halloran.

cpd lalamu | cf. 121F2 la₂ | cpd gal₄-la = cuneus (from behind)

121B8 LAGAB| nigin₂ [214x] = encircle, go around | [116x] block, stump | GUR4 (KUR4) [133x] = thick, big, feel big | KILIB [256x] = total | LUGUD ₂ = short, tight | gir₈(kir₃) [2x!] = to break / pinch off | cpd mu-un-nigin₂-na-ta = to roam around – see MUGSAR 4-Way – Inana112a

LAGAB Variants:

121B9 LAGAB x A | SUG, AMBAR = swamp, marsh (encircled water) i.e. NÍGINxA = AMBAR | BUGIN, BUNIN

121BA ~ x A + DA + HA; 121BB ~ x A + GAR; 121BC ~ x A + LAL;

121BD ~ x AL; 121BE ~ x AN; 121BF ~ x ASH ZIDA tenu

121C0 LAGAB x BAD, GIGIR = cart

121C1 ~ x BI; 121C2 ~ x DAR; 121C3 ~ x EN; 121C4 ~ x GA; 121C5 ~ x GAR; 121C6 ~ x GUD;

121C7 ~ x GUD + GUD | u₈ [4425x] = sheep, ewe; Oh!, (a soothing expression) | cpd nu-u₈-gig = priestess, high status woman, goddess / Inana

121C8 ~ x HA;

121C9 ~ x HAL | engur [45x] = (cosmic) waters [cf ABZU = abyss; Ur-Engur aka Ur-Nammu / Ur-Namma / Ur-Gur]

121CA ~ x HI x NUN; 121CB ~ x IGI gunu; 121CC ~ x IM; 121CD ~ x IM + HA; 121CE ~ x IM + LU; 121CF ~ x KI; 121D0 ~ x KIN; 121D1 ~ x KU3; 121D2 ~ x KUL; 121D3 ~ x KUL + HI + A; 121D4 ~ x ~ ; 121D5 ~ x LISH; 121D6~ x LU; 121D7 ~ x LUL; 121D8 ~ x ME; 121D9 ~ x ME + EN; 121DA ~ x MUSH; 121DB ~ x NE; 121DC ~ x SHE + SUM; 121DD ~ x SHITA + GISH + ERIN2; 121DE ~ x SHITA + GISH tenu; 121DF ~ x SHU2; 121E0 ~ x SHU2 + SHU2; 121E1 ~ x SUM; 121E2 ~ x TAG; 121E3 ~ x TAK4; 121E4 ~ x TE + A + SU + NA

121E5 LAGAB x U | NÍGINxBÙR (U) = pú (pu₂) [95x] = waterwell / hole, pit; depth (encircled area+hole) lower course, footing; cistern; fish pond; source (of river) | TÚL = source ?? | GÍGIR = wagon??

121E6 ~ x U + A; 121E7 ~ x U + U + U; 121E8 ~ x U2 + ASH;

121E9 ~ x UD; 121EA ~ x USH; 121EB ~ sq

cf. cpd SIPAD, sipa [2463x] = shepherd

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

121EC LAGAR [21x] = sharman, priest / priestess

121ED ~ x SHE; 121EE ~ x SHE + SUM;

121EF ~ gunu; 121F0 ~ gunu/~ gunu SHE

121F1 LAHSHU qqq | cf. 122E4 pull | lahhušu [0x] = pot ; 12263NUN | 122C3silag 0x body part

121F2 LAL, LA₂ [9977x] = (to be) small, little; minus sign; (to be) insignificant, low-value; dimunition

121F3 LAL x LAL

121F4 LAM [47x] = to flourish; to make grow luxuriantly

121F5 ~ x KUR; 121F6 ~ x KUR + RU

121F7 LI / LE, gub₂ [4x] = to bathe, wash; [49x] branch, twig (juniper shrub); pure

121F8 LIL [8x] = fool, idiot | lú+lil

121F9 LIMMU₂[1759x] = 4 ["4" four numeric; 11x]

121FA LISH / LIŠ, DILIM₂, DILI₂ [28x] = spoon, balance pan, bowl

121FB LU | udu [28818xxx!] = sheep; [185x] (to be) abundant, to heap up; [130x] to disturb, stir up; to cover completely; to mix | DIB, DAB = grasp | [cf 12073 ] | determinative ^&udu; sheep / goats

cpd sipad (sipa) [2463x] = shepherd [1227A PA overseer + 121FB UDU sheep]

121FC LU x BAD

121FD LU₂ [12429xxx!] = man (him); ruler [alien spaceships!]; person; who(m), which; (s)he who, that which; of; | determinative ^&lu2; before male stuff

LU₂ Variants:

121FE ~ x AL ; 121FF ~ x BAD; 12200 ~ x ESH2; 12201 ~ x ESH2 tenu;

12202 ~ x GAN2 tenu | šaga (šaga) [6x] =a wronged person; (to be) slain; (to be) afflicted, oppressed

12203 ~ x HI x BAD; 12204 ~ x IM; 12205 ~ x KAD2; 12206 ~ x KAD3; 12207 ~ x KAD3 + ASH; 12208 ~ x KI; 12209 ~ x LA + ASH; 1220A ~ x LAGAB; 1220B ~ x ME + EN; 1220C ~ x NE; 1220D ~ x NU; 1220E ~ x SI + ASH; 1220F ~ x SIK2 + BU; 12210 ~ x TUG2; 12211 ~ tenu ; 12212 ~ +-ing ~; 12213 ~ opp ~; 12214 ~ sq; 12215 ~ sheshig

..

12216 LU₃ [18x] = to disturb, stir up; to cover completely; to mix

12217 LUGAL [24522xxx!] = king [The "King of the Earthlings" rides around in a spaceship man!]

True Etym.: 12217 LUGAL is made from 121FD LU₂ man + 120F2 GAL big => big man => king (sometimes scribes reverse signs – see Foxvog) cf. Latin leg-is; and lu/ru interchangeability => rugal => English "regal", Latin regalis

LUGAL Variants:

12218 ~/~; 12219 ~ opp ~; 1221A ~ sheshig

1221B LUH, LU, LA₃, SUKKAL [3469x] = secretary, civil servant, bureaucrat, official | luh [164x] = to clean, wash

1221C LUL [133x] = false, criminal | NAR = song / musician ??

1221D LUM [107x] = (to be) full, replete, satisfied (with); (to be) grown (tall); to fruit; (to be) fructified; to shine

1221E LUM/LUM; 1221F LUM/LUM GAR/GAR

12220 MA = [169x] (come in to) land (like bird; fly in), approach; go, flow (phallus, come), fig tree, house [?? secondary in each]

12221 MA x TAK4

12222 MA, _{gunu / gunû}, AŠUR / HASHHUR = apple (tree)

12223 MA2 / MA₂ [5559x]= ship, boat

12224 MAH / MA [3271x] = to be great, exalted

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

12225 MAR = [13x]smear – True Etym.: mar; [8x] louse, worm, parasite; [5x] winnow

12226 MASH / maš [726x] = goat | maš [1452x] = interest (on a loan); an irrigation tax | half; LÚ+MÁŠDA = poor man | MAŠ.EN.GAG = palace dependant | MAŠD+TAB+BA = twin cf. 12047

12227 MASH₂ / maš₂ [10699xx] = goat; extispicy – sacrificial animal for omens | family, relative | MAŠ₂+GAL = buck, billygoat

12228 ME, àm [2860x] = I am, to be (is / was) | [750x] being, divine properties enabling cosmic activity; rite; office [copula | True Etymology: i.men cf. I am | IŠIB = 100; set, take | uQQ MEŠ / mesh = plural marker

[PLM]Jaritz #889 depicts a "short vertical line abutting a longer horizontal line at its midpoint". It means "speak, call, tongue, middle, converse". Graphic convention designed to bring out the idea of "middle", the position associated in early thinking with the placement of the tongue in the mouth. Somewhat surprisingly, this simple element has been identified for PIE as *me, "in the middle, into the middle". *me is not regarded as meaning "tongue"; that meaning has been taken by a derivation from it, eme (for *îmî) [12174] another reading of the same sign, which represents "teeth-middle" = "tongue". This compound can be found in PIE with *empi-, "mosquito", an animal that definitely deserves to be named for its tongue.

uQQ me₃ [243x]= battle, combat cf. 12228 copula

12229 MES, meš₃ [56x] black [Gilgamesh was black! nextdoor on list to 1222A MI / gig2 main black]; [29x] = hero; (to be) manly; young man cf. Enki and the world order c113.221, Ninurta's exploits c162.310, Samsu-iluna & Inana c2831.15 [NB computerized transl no ordinary 'tree' more like 'hero']) | mes (^gešmes, meš₃) [81x]= tree| kišib (-la₂) [36x] = cylinder seal, sealed tablet; kišib-rah₂ .. with aux. = to seal

cf. 1231D[less vertical ge than 12229] UM reed (stylus?) stem + 4 var;

1207E DUB tablet | kišib₃ [17468x] = cylinder seal, sealed tablet

..

cpd BIL.GA.MEŠ (Sumerian: Bilgamesh; Akkad.: Gilgamesh) black hero of oldest written epic (quest for immortality) [1224B BIL₂ burnt + 120B5 GA young (bull) + 12229 mes (meš₃) black hero (next on the sign list is the more common black sign 1222A MI) ; and 1207E dub able to write = power connotation)]

..

1222A MI [<=cun-sign | Sumerian=>] ge_6, giggi (ge₆), gi_6, gi_6, gig₂ [941x] = to be black, night | ge/gi same as 12100 reed stylus => writing => knowledge => power = black | upper / high (class) cf. mi-iq-tum (miqtum, mi-al2-tum) = social class

cf. dome of night sky – cpd ul₄-he₂ firmament, vault of sky

[12109 terror + 120F6 boundless]

..

Sumerians called themselves black people ùg₃-sag-gíg₂-ga[12326 ùg₃ people (KALAM Sumer) + 12295 sag head + 1222A gíg₂ black + 120B5 ga carry / aux.]see tablet examples; not just black plebs either, the "First professors are BLACK!" um-mi-a = scholar, expert, craftsman [scholar 1231D UM reed stem (stylus/writing symbol, 1207E tablet var) + 1222AMI black + 12000 progeny]

..

And even Gilgamesh is black, see previous entry 12229

..

cpd GIG = 1222A black + 1226D beads = gig[313x] = sick, troublesome | (nugig) nu-u8-gig = [black Sumerian woman =] priestess, high status woman, goddess / Inana

1222B MIN [959x] = 2 ["2" two numeric; cf. horiz var122F00x as MIN 2, but as TAB 122F0 double, repeat, partner 740x]

1222C MU = [43667xxx!] year | mu = [2994x] name; line of text; son | MUALDIM / muhaldim[2185x] =cook | mu (ES) = phallus | gu₁₀ = "dear one" suffix / honorific | determinative ^&mu; before words for items made of wood (Emesal)

cpdzag-mu [180x] = new year; beginning of cycle [12360 ZAG boundary + ~]

1222D MU/MU | ta / tah (dah) [274x]= to add, increase

1222E MUG [162x] = wool [pubic ?? next to MU phallus]; to hew out, hollow out; to engrave

cpd^tug_2-mug[179x] = a kind of garment [determ 12306 tug₂ garment + ~]

1222F MUGgunu, zadim; za-dim₂ [128x] = stone-cutter; bow-maker

12230 MUNSUB [5x] = hair, barber

12231 MURGU2, egir₆(MURGU₂)(egir₆) = [10x] back, estate, inheritance | mur₇ [0x] = excrement / shit

12232 MUSH (MUŠ) [192x] = snake

12233 ~ x A; 12234 ~ x KUR; 12235 ~ x ZA

12236 MUSH / MUSH (MUŠ) RI₈ = snake

12237 ~/~ x A + NA; 12238 ~ +-ing MUSH

12239 MUSH₃ / MUŠ₃ = [107x] face, appearance; [81x] flat space, holy area; [3x] curdle | sed₆ (šed₁₂) [11x #3 behind sed₄] = cold; winter .. cpdsed₄(še₁₇, šed₁₀)[34x; ~ + 12072 well-being] |MUŠ₃ INANNA, INNIN = goddess | 1202D AN+ MUŠ_{3 =} ^dinana / Inana

1223A MUSH₃ / MUŠ₃ x A | se₂₄, sed₃, še₁₂, šed₉ = winter, hibernate, rest, be content

1223B ~ x A + DI; 1223C ~ x DI; 1223D ~gunu

1223E NA, nigna = [114x] incense (burner); man; [32x] stone; pestle, pounder

cpd ma-na / mina [9459x] = unit of weight; 1 mina = 60 shekels, 1 talent = 60 mina [3600 shekels]

1223F NA₂, NU₂[419x]= to lie down (of people); to lay down; to be ill;bed | NUD | cf. 12029 icon

cpd ba-na₂ = 12040 BA split, open + ~

12240 NAGA, naga [2521x] = potash (potassium compound often used in agriculture); soap | NAG₂, NISABA₂ = tornado

cpd DINGIR.NAGA.ZAG.SAL,^dnisaba za₃-mi₂ = Nisaba praised [ 1202D AN god + 12240 NAGA + 12360 za₃ + 122A9mi₂ cuneus]

12241 ~ INVERTED; 12242 ~ x SHU tenu; 12243 ~ opp ~

12244 NAGAR [666x] = carpenter

12245 NAM, nutillu | buru₅ = [4x] locust

12246 NAM = [567x] determined order; will, testament; fate, destiny | bir₅ [35x incl 12 ED IIIa] = locust | sin₂ = district | sim = [var < 16x] smell, sniff, filter, swallow | nam-tar = destiny | nam-ra = booty, spoils, captive

cpdnam-mah = NAMMAH, earliest known mathematician, see 122B9 [ ~ + 12224 mah great]

12247 NAM₂ = prefix lord / official; thought, planning ??

12248 NE, (bí / bi₂) | de₃ [25x] bring / carry (collect) | (še₆, šeg₆) [261x] = to cook; to dry a field | izi = [257x] fire (pottery), brazier | kum₂ [78x] = (to be) hot | bi₂ in compounds | nen, ne, ne-en, ne-e [101x] = this, these | bil [7x] = burn

Jaritz #339 burning torch

cpds:

NE-A = refine [ ~ + 12000 A water]

il₂-i-de₃ = collect firewood [1214D il₂ carry + 1213F I "5" + 12248 de₃ collect]

NE-SU-UB = to be on fire, kissing [ ~ + 122E2 SU submerge, flesh + 12312 UB praise, ruin]

12249 NE x A | eš₁₃ [0x] = (to be) cold | cf. 12239 sed₄cold; winter

1224A NE x UD

1224B NE _{sheshig / šešig}, BIL₂ | gibil [671x] = new, renew; firewood | bil₂ [43x] = burn / burnt

cpd BIL.GA.MEŠ (Sumerian: Bilgamesh [cf. Billjim!]; Akkad.: Gilgamesh) black hero of oldest written epic [1224B BIL₂ burnt + 120B5 GA young (bull) + 12229 mes(meš) black hero]

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

1224C NI <= cun-sign | Sumerian => Ì / i_3, IÀ / ia₃, I, lí /li₂| (syll.: bè, lé, lí, né) i₃ =[8654x] oil; butter; container for oil vegetable oil, fat | ZAL [2798x] = to pass time; to get up early; to finish, come to an end (come to pass); to dissolve, melt, disintegrate, break down, collapse; to quake; sensual connotation | cpd na_{4 [527x]} = stone; stone weight | determinative ^&na4; stones | cf. 12155 IR ask; perfume

1224D NI x E

1224E NI₂, | ni₂ [370x] = self | ni₂ [322x] = fear, aura | cf. 1214E im = clay, mud; tablet; copula | TU₁₅ = wind cf. ^dIŠKUR storm god

cpd ni₂-bi-a = itself / themselves / all together (1224E ni₂ + 12049 BI + 12000 A)

[ETCSL:ni2=self | ni2-bi=itself / themselves | ni2-gu10=myself | ni2-te-a-ni=himself / herself | ni2-zu=yourself ]

uQQNÍG, šá [syllabary]

1224F NIM = [79x] fly, insect, buzz; [31x] (to be) high, elevated; (to be) early; easterner; suffix plant | _, dih₃[132x]= thorny weed | NIN+LAL₃ = bee| NUM | KUR | ELAM^KI = Elam

12250 NIM x GAN2 tenu | tum₃ [144x] = bring

12251 NIM x GAR + GAN2 tenu

12252 NINDA₂ = [39x] seed-funnel [cf. hand-scoop Jaritz #347 see 12258 below]; fish ??; breeding bull | INDA = [0x!] bread, food | cf. much more common 120FB NINDA [11296x]

NINDA₂ Variants

12253 ~ x AN, ŠAM₃ = buy, price ; 12254 ~ x ASH; 12255 ~ x ASH + ASH;

12256 ~ x GUD ; 12257 ~ x ME + GAN2 tenu

12258 NINDA₂ x NE, RAM, AG₂ / AG₂ (ám) = darling; ag₂ [88x #2 behind 120FB nig₂ 1542x] thing, possession; measure ??

Jaritz #362 a combination sign which, rather incongruously, depicts a ”hand-scoop" (#347) enclosing #339 [12248 NE] burning torch, signifying the "heat of passionate love" [encapsulated fire].

cpd ki-ag₂(ki-ag₂) [666x] = to love[121A0 KI cosmic world + 12258 ag₂ heat of passionate love]

12259 ~ x NUN

1225A NINDA₂ x SHE / ŠE, ŠAM₂(NINDA₂x ŠE + A AN variants) = price

1225B ~ x SHE + A AN; 1225C ~ x SHE + ASH; 1225D ~ x SHE + ASH + ASH;

1225E ~ x U2 + ASH; 1225F ~ x USH

..

12260 NISAG, MURU₂, MURUB₄ [44x] = middle; cuneus | cf. 12319 murub₆(muru_{13) ;} murub₂; backside, rump; knob; mouth; gate (of city or large building); space between, distance; link; hips | ITIgunû

12261 NU [785x] = not (negation: “no”, negative); without, un-; genitals; sperm; offspring | NU-GAL₂ = nonexistent | NU-TIL = incomplete | True Etym. nu => no

12262 NU₁₁ | gešnu (gešnu) [3x] = light | duri [0x] = male; to be virile

12263 NUN = [1x!] guidance (eridu) | [656x] prince; (as attribute) foremost, best | lard | NUN KI = Eridu

NUN Variants

12264 ~ LAGAR x GAR; 12265 ~ LAGAR x MASH; 12266 ~ LAGAR x SAL;

12267 ~ LAGAR x SAL/~ LAGAR x SAL; 12268 ~ LAGAR x USH; 12269 ~ tenu

1226A NUN/NUN, NIR = NIR.GAL₂ = strong, powerful

1226B ~ +-ing ~; 1226C ~ +-ing ~ LAGAR/LAGAR

1226D NUNUZ [109x], ERIN₂, RÍN = egg (shape), bead, pearl ??

NUNUZ (so eggs + cow 12016 / sour milk 121A8 = produce farm) Variants:

1226E ~ AB2 x ASHGAB; 1226F ~ AB2 x BI; 12270 ~ AB2 x DUG; 12271 ~ AB2 x GUD ; 12272 ~ AB2 x IGI gunu; 12273 ~ AB2 x KAD3;

12274 ~ AB2 x LA | latan (lahtan) [19x] = beer vat

12275 ~ AB2 x NE; 12276 ~ AB2 x SILA3; 12277 ~ AB2 x U2; 12278 ~ KISIM5 x BI; 12279 ~ KISIM5 x BI U

..

1227A PA | ugula = [9794x] foreman, overseer | bá [293x]= wing; branch, frond | gidru / gidri = [129x] sceptre | sìg = to beat | garza = office | SIG hit e.g. cpd SIG-UZU ~ TUD beat whip

1227B PAD, ŠUK /SHUK, šukur₂/shukur₂(šuk, šuku) = [1335x] food allocation, ration | [56x] to break (into bits); pierce

1227C PAN, tir₅[63x]= bow; geometric figure {PSD} | cf bow-maker, PANA = bow, arrow

1227D PAP, KUR₂ [607x] = unit of capacity based on a vessel size; PAP = [86x] relation; first and foremost, pre-eminent; father; male, virile; brother | PAB = protect | PA₅ = canal | cpd DIM [13x] = to check; to approach

1227E PESH2 / PEŠ₂, PIŠ₂ [55x] = mouse

1227F PI (bì) [269x] tal₂, | geshtu / geštu, geshtug / geštug = ear, hear, reason, intelligence, wisdom, understanding

PI Variants:

12280 ~ x A; 12281 ~ x AB; 12282 ~ x BI; 12283 ~ x BU; 12284 ~ x E; 12285 ~ x I; 12286 ~ x IB; 12287 ~ x U; 12288 ~ x U2; 12289 ~ +-ing PI

..

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

1228A PIRIG (PIRIG) [198x]= lion

1228B PIRIG (PIRIG) x KAL, NIB = leopard

1228C PIRIG (PIRIG) x UD, UG = tiger

1228D PIRIG (PIRIG) x ZA, AZ, AS = bear

1228E PIRIG (PIRIG) opp PIRIG

1228F RA, rah₂[597x] = to beat, kill; to break, crush; to flood; to thresh (grain with a flail) | aux. ~ -ra | see also notes on evolution [PLM (Patrick Ryan '2008)]: – wheel rim with four spokes over curled horn suggests "back" over "tall"; also "stir"; emphasizes flood

cpd im-ta-e₃-a-ra = sunrise [1214E IM mood + 122EB TA much + cpd UD-DU sunrise + 12000 A bemoan + 1228F RA beat thresh]

12290 RAB, raba [37x] = clamp; neck stock; hoop ??

12291 RI = [475x]to lay down, cast, place; to set in place, imbue; to lean on; to impose; to throw down; to release, let go; to walk along; to pour out; to lead away | re [130x] = “that” | auxiliary verb, sar-ri / sar-re 122AC |distant | cf. 12137

12292 RU, shub / šub [495x] = fall, defeat; throw (boomerang)

12293 SA = braided, string, net, sinew, muscle | determinative ^&sa; before braided items

12294 SAG, , nutillu = head [rare, always 12295]

sag Variants:

12295 SAG, (pron. sang), SUR₁₄ [3582x ]= head; person / people; capital

cpd /sag-ga₂ = head basket [12295 sag head + 120B7 ga2 basket]

12296 ~ x A; 12297 ~ x DU; 12298 ~ x DUB; 12299 ~ x HA; 1229A ~ x KAK; 1229B ~ x KUR; 1229C ~ x LUM; 1229D ~ x MI; 1229E ~ x NUN; 1229F ~ x SAL; 122A0 ~ x SHID; 122A1 ~ x TAB; 122A2 ~ x U2; 122A3 ~ x UB; 122A4 ~ x UM; 122A5 ~ x UR; 122A6 ~ x USH; 122A7 ~/~; 122A8 ~ gunu

..

122A9 SAL, mug, gal₄ (gala), murub (muru₁₃), munus [3079x] = cuneus apotheosis of woman, goddess, matriarch, queen | mi₂ = [13x - all ED IIIb] praise; CVNE | determinative before female names ^&f;

The scribes who invented writing 5000 years ago clearly had no inhibitions about the basis for the design of their cuneiform, nor should we bowdlerize [etym.: Thomas Bowdler expurgated William Shakespeare (aka Edward de Vere) '1822] for hypocritical luddites / puritans who are still happy to plagiarize the technology revolution started by the Sumerians, and it may well have been the inspiration for the whole style ~ cunei.form = cuneus writing.

Scratching and dragging a pointed stylus would not have been near as effective and enduring for us to be able to read now. And it can be no coincidence that the Sumerian apotheosis of "woman" has come down to us as the first letter of vagina.

Germaine Greer says it's a powerful symbol – BBC Balderdash and Piffle "2007 (see Youtube; also here. Unfortunately none are aware of the very first significance bestowed by the Sumerians.

Enheduanna – earliest known author and poet was female

And not only were the first scholars black, the earliest known author and poet was female (and most likely black), Enheduanna 7715-7750CT (2285-2250 plag) … Westenholz edited a fragmentary hymn dedicated to Enheduanna indicating her apotheosis… [Wik]; she was totally lost to history until her tablets were unearthed in '1926 [Nisaba] by Leonard Woolley [born '1880 in 13 Southwold Road just around the corner from King's Place (now BSix College Brooke House - East London Hackney-Stratford where the '2012 Olympics Games were held) where Edward de Vere wrote 'Shake-speares Sonnets' - only because he was setup by another forgotten proto-feminist, 2nd wife Elizabeth Trentham]; she represented a strong and creative personality, an educated woman, and one who fulfilled diverse roles in a complex society, not unlike women's aspirations today…[Jane Roberts]; “My goddess gave birth to your god” … Assyriologist William Hallo referred to her as “The Sumerian Shakespeare”. But given that she preceded Shakespeare by several thousand years, it might be more apt to dub the bard “The English Enheduanna” [Kristin Agudelo's notablewomen]; or “Enheduanna of Tudor Literature” [chickhistory]; ironically also lost to history is Susan de Vere, Shakespeare's Daughter and Producer of the First Folio.

"My king, something has been created that no one has created before."

..

cpds:

emi (e₂-mi₂) [219x] = queen's household [1208D e₂ house+ 122A9 mi₂ cuneus]

NIN = lady, mistress [122A9 cuneus +12306garment]; e₅ = princely ?? | e₅, ereš

nin₉ [247x] = sister[ ~ +121AAku backside]

mussa(mi₂-us₂-sa₂) [53x] = son / daughter in-law [122A9 mi₂ cuneus; praise + 12351 us₂ phallus + 12072 sa₂ law]

geme₂ [4025x] = slave woman [~ +121B3mountains]

MURUB₂ = cuneus, backside [ ~ + 121EC priestess] cf. 12319 murub₆ (muru₁₃), 12260 murub₄ (muru₂)

gal₄-la-na = cuneus – bending over, show [122A9 gal₄ cuneus + 121B7 LA bending over / rump, show + 1223E NA man, pestle, pounder] True Etym.: gala (festive dress, make merry) cf. also �GALA-TUR young male performer [12351 us2 phallus + 121AA KU rump + 12309 TUR young]

gal₄-la-na-še₃ = loincloth [op. cit. + 12365 še₃]

gal₄-la- = cuneus (deeper sense) [122A9 gal₄ cuneus + 121B7 LA bending over / backside + 120B7 house]

..

Proto Cuneiform – see Ref.

..

122AA SAL LAGAB x ASH2

122AB SANGA₂ / saga₂ = [12x] priest

122AC SAR [377x] = to write | | sar [4917x] = garden; a unit of area; a unit of volume | SAKAR, MU₂, kiri₆= (fruit) plantation, orchard | determinative ^&sar; after garden / vegetables | šar[26x #2 behind 122B9 šar₂]= 3600; totality, world; (to be) numerous

[PLM] Jaritz #281 archaic variant of SAR – knot in a cord, fasten together – write – line up characters in a fixed order

cpd dubsar [11320x] = scribe [1207E DUB tablet + 122AC SAR write]

ab-sar-re = to write [1200A AB cosmic + ~ + 12291 RE aux; that ]

cpd sar-ra-ka-ni = garden plot [122AC SAR garden + 1228F RA thresh + 12157 KA mouth + 1224C NI digest]

122AD SHA / ša = [74x]heart (variant cf. 122AE); [3x]official

uQQ šá=NÍG[syllabary; numeric??]

122AE SHA₃ / ŠA₃, šag₄, tibula = [10808x] heart, center, interior

cpd a-sag4 [9387x]= field, surface math.

ŠA₃ Variants:

122AF ~ x A; 122B0 ~ x BAD; 122B1 ~ x GISH; 122B2 ~ x NE; 122B3 ~ x SHU2; 122B4 ~ x TUR; 122B5 ~ x U; 122B6 ~ x U + A

..

122B7 SHA₆, SAG₉ [826x]= good, sweet, beautiful

122B8 SHAB₆ (šab₆) qqq [cf. 1219A KAM₂ ; numeric??]

122B9 SHAR₂ / šar₂ [245x] = 3600; totality, world; (to be) numerous [True Etym.: 360° circle, inventors sexagesimal system; math table; etc. / {šar₂ is formed by making a circular indentation with the end of the stylus]

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

122BA SHE / ŠE | niga, nigu = [28315x!] barley, grain; unit of length / area / volume / weight; shekel | True Etymology: origin of Hebrew term for money "she-kel" re price of bushel of grain | niga [12565x] = to be fattened

Money, like certain other essential elements in civilization, is an institution that goes way further back than we are taught to believe … the oldest coin currency that we know is a Sumerian bronze piece dating from before 7000CT / 3000plagio.

'On one side of the coin is a representation of a sheaf of wheat, and on the other, Ishtar, the goddess of fertility.
The Sumerians called it the "Shekel" where "She" meant wheat, "Kel" [12086] was a measurement similar to a bushel, hence this coin was a symbol of a value of one bushel of wheat. (The word “shekel” survives in modern Hebrew as Israel's monetary unit.) The original shekel had as its purpose payment for sacred prostitution at the temple of Ishtar, which was the temple of life and death. The temple, as well as being a ritual center, was the storage place for the reserves of wheat that supported the priesthood, and also the community in lean times. So farmers fulfilled their religious and social obligations by bringing their contributions of wheat to the temple, and receiving in exchange a shekel coin, entitling them to a visit with the temple prostitutes at the festival time. All this also must be understood in its cultural context: The sacred prostitutes were representatives of the goddess, and relations with them was relations with the goddess of fertility herself, nothing to take lightly…' The Future of Money, Bernard Lietaer '1997
..
'…coinage was arranged according to the sexagesimal numbering system developed earlier by the Sumerians:
ie. 1, 60 [1x60], and 3600 [122B9 (60x60]
...lowest denomination was a "shekel", then a "mina" [1223E] and finally a "talent" [12118]
1 mina = 60 shekels. 1 talent = 60 mina [3600 shekels].
The mina weighted about 500 gms., and the talent about 30 kgs.
These coins were used to pay for property, buy goods and services, pay fines, pay taxes, etc.
Some examples of the use of the shekel from one of the later law codes inscribed on the cuneiform tablets:
"The price of one gur [12125] of barley is one shekel of silver".
"The price of 2 gurs of salt is one shekel of silver".
"The price of one hal [1212C] seed is one shekel of silver".
"The wage of a labourer is one shekel of silver and his food one ban of barley and he has to serve for this wage for one month"…
Some information on the relative value of the coins and the wealth that each represented... The scribe is lauding the benevolent king for his protection of the poor. "He saw to it that … the man of one shekel did not fall a prey to the man of one mina (sixty shekels) …" '
[more]
..

122BB SHE-HU, uz [57x] = wild duck

122BC SHE/SHE GAD/GAD GAR/GAR;

122BD SHE/SHE TAB /TAB GAR/GAR | garadin₃ [0x] = bundle (of reeds), stack of sheaves; grain stack

122BE SHEG₉ [11x] = snow; sleet; cold weather; frost, ice; burning, incineration; chills, shivers

122BF SHEN, ALAL ??, PÌSAN, DUR₁₀, ŠEN [107x]= bucket, cauldron

122C0 SHESH / ŠEŠ [1579x] = brother; junior worker, assistant |urin(uri₃, uru₃) [56x] = standard | cpd ~ + 12015 URIM = (standard of) Ur | cf. 12336

122C1 SHESH₂ / šeš₂,še_8, = [54x] to weep | annoint ??

122C2 SHESHLAM / šešlamqqq | cf. šešlam2 [UNMNG]

122C3 SHID / ŠID, ŠIT / SHIT! ŠITI, LAG | sagga [1862x] (sanga, sangu, saga₈) = an official, the chief administrator of a temple household | (nesag₂) [661x] = first-fruit offering; a storage place | šid [292x] = count(ing); number; half (shares); to count [calculate] | silag [0x] = body part

122C4 ~ x A; 122C5 ~ x IM

122C6 SHIM / šim [819x] = beer, beer malt – cf. 12049 kaš [13889x] | [35x] type of basin | ŠEM, LUNGA = scent (aromatic substance)

ŠIM Variants

122C7 ~ x A; 122C8 ~ x BAL; 122C9 ~ x BULUG | šembulug₃ [OB resin; tree]; 122CA ~ x DIN

122CB ~ x GAR, bappir [64x #3 behind 1204B_bappir3 ] = an ingredient in beer-making, spice

122CC ~ x IGI;

122CD ~ x IGI gunu | šembi [38x] = eye makeup, kohl; antimony paste; to anoint, smear on

122CE ~ x KUSHU2; 122CF ~ x LUL; 122D0 ~ x MUG; 122D1 ~ x SAL

..

122D2 SHINIG / šinig = [28x] tamarisk(small shrub with needle-shaped leaves) | cf 12240

122D3 SHIR / ŠIR, NU₁₁, SIR₄ = [13x] testicle; bulb

122D4 SHIR tenu x NU11 tenu

122D5 SHIR/SHIR BUR/BUR x NU11/NU11 BUR/BUR

122D6 SHITA / šita [17x] = priest; ~ figurine

122D7 SHU / ŠU [2785x] = hand | ŠU+GIR = ring

cpd šu-nigin₂ [18294x] = sum, total [ ~ + 121B8 LAGAB encircle]

šu-kal-le-tud-da = Šukaletuda (PN) [122D7 ŠU hand + 12197 KAL mighty + 121F7 LE branch + 12305 TU small, priest + 12055 DA line]

122D8 SHU/INVERTED SHU

122D9 SHU₂ (šu₂) | šuš₂ [281x] = to cover, to spread over; to envelop, overwhelm; covering; to sink down; to cloud over; surface; to raise (clothes)

122DA SHUBUR / ŠUBUR, ŠA, ŠA₂ [1117x] = pig | determinative ^&cah2; pigs

cf uQQ šul[shul; 305x]= (to be) manly; youth; young man

122DB SI = [401x] to fill, load up; to draw water; to brew beer |[262x]horn | finger; fret

cpd bi₂-ib-si-si = fill [12248 bi₂ carry + 12141 IB oval + 122DB SI fill]

si-si-de₃ = fill and carry

im-mi-ib₂-si-si = draw / fill (water from well) [1214E IM storm, anger + 1222A MI black + 12308 ib2 cross-beam (of well) + 122DB SI x2 fill]

u₅ = high water [12137mušen bird + ~ ]

[PLM]a combination, the top element… "sitting bird", "egg-like" = "bird" (but also possibly "brood")

122DC SI gunu

122DD SIG [343x] = (to be) weak; (to be) low; (to be) thin; (to be) narrow

122DE SIG₄, šeg₁₂ [572x] = clay / mud brick | MURGU [363x] = shoulder, back

[PLM]sig(a)₄, "(dried) brick", depicts "three bricks/tiles forming a zig-zag pattern":

122DF SIG4/SIG4 SHU2

122E0 SIK₂, SIG₂, SIKI [4753x] = wool, fleece; hair; (animal"s) pelt [*cf. True Etym. siki => silk]

122E1 SILA₃ [43696x!!!] = a unit of capacity (= 1 litre, Oxford Handbook Cuneiform p64); a vessel

122E2 SU, KUŠ [3818x] = skin, hide, leather, fur; person; [54x] submerge; [495x] flesh, body, entrails | determinative ^&kuc; before words for items made of leather

122E3 SU/SU

uQQ SU₄, SI₄ [184x] = to be red, brown

122E4 SUD, ŠUD / shud [488x] = (to be) distant; (to be) remote, long-lasting; (to be) profound | SIR, BUgunû = pull; spread; sail; run

122E5 SUD₂ = grind, bite ??

122E6 SUHUR [3x] = to trim or comb the hair |head hair | cf. munsub₂

122E7 SUM, ŠUM₂, SI₃ = give [True Etymology: 'sum' (total, add up); Greek 'sigma'] | sig₁₀ (si) [836x] = to cast; to fashion

cpd im-ma-ni-sig₁₀ = to cast (an eye) [1214E IM mud, storm + 12220 MA approach + 1224C NI finish + 122E7 cast]

122E8 SUMASH / sumaš | sumaš^ku6 [49x] = an oceanic fish

122E9 SUR [82x] = to squeeze, press; to flash; to drip; to rain; to milk – cpd geš3+sur = phallus + squeeze / milk = urinate | [82x] = half | cf. 120FB bread; thing

122EA SUR₉ = [plectrum, musical??]

122EB TA (dá) [85x] = what? | as much as (math./ quantity), from [preposition]

122EC TA = asterisk [= star = TAra] cf. 1202D

122ED TA x HI, LAL₃ [241x]= syrup, honey

122EE TA x MI; 122EF TA gunu

122F0 TAB, MIN [0x!] = 2 ["2" / two numeric] | TAB [740x] = to double; to repeat; companion, partner, friend | cf. more used 1222B[959x] | True Etym.: tab (key); tabulate

122F1 TAB/TAB NI/NI DISH/DISH

122F2 TAB sq

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

122F3 TAG [266x] = to touch, take hold of; to bind – True Etym.: tag, touch (tuku); to attack | šum [63x] = slaughter | TUKU₅ [151x] = beat, strike of cloth; to weave | TIBIR [26x] = hand | ZIL₂ = good, beneficent

122F4 ~ x BI;122F5 ~ x GUD;122F6 ~ x SHE;122F7 ~ x SHU;

122F8 ~ x TUG2;122F9 ~ x UD

122FA TAK₄, (da₁₃) [667x] = to set aside, leave behind; to save, keep back, hold back

122FB TAR = [237x] to cut down; to untie, loosen; to scatter, disperse | sila [238x] = street | kud, ku₅ [1111x] = to break off, deduct; to separate, cut off; to cut; to incise; to decide; to make clear | disease

122FC TE = cheek; to pierce, penetrate, [31x] membrane | cpd im-ma-te = approach, landing [1214E IM wind + 12220 flow + 122FC TE approach, land cf. 12312 UB as in kiss]

cpd (im/) ni₂-te-a-ni = penetrate; inspect [inspected

1214E IM storm + 122FC TE cheek; penetrate; membrane + 12000 A cry of woe + 1224C NI quiver]

122FD TE gunu = cf. cheek, pierce

122FE TI, TIL₃ [770x] = life,to live; to sit (down); to dwell |^UZUTI = rib

122FF TI tenu

12300 TIL [627x] = (to be) complete(d); (to be) old, long-lasting; to end | ÚŠ, EŠE₃~AŠ.U | sumun = sun, old | cf. BAD 12041

12301 TIR [404x] = forest, wood; mud

12302 ~ x TAK4 ; 12303 ~/~; 12304 ~/~ GAD/GAD GAR/GAR

12305 TU = priest [1x!] | sheep [4x!] | [16x] small | TU+TUR^MUŠEN = little dove

12306 TUG, TUG₂ [5078x] = textile,garment (TU₉, dul_5; [379x] bar-dul₅) | usually as determinative ^&tug2; garments | eš₂ | še₃, = towards | gi₇, gir₁₅, zi₃, zid_{2 |} azlag₂ = fuller (cleans thickens woven cloth)| TUG₂, TU₉, NAM₂ | cf.12247 | True Etym.: Roman toga

cpd ^tug₂dara₄= (Inana"s) loinclth, sash, G-String, belt [~ + 12071 dara4 = red, brown, blood]

12307 TUK, tuku = powerful able-bodied (cpd a₂-tuku); proud | TUG = anger

12308 TUM, (du₄) | ib₂[36x] = hips; middle | ib₂[35x] = (to be) angry; to curse | tum [19x] cross-beam| cf. mi-iq-tum (miqtum, mi-gal₂-tum) social class

12309 TUR | DUMU [28245xxx!] = child, son; apprentice | TUR [1719x] (to be) small; to reduce, diminish; to subtract; (to be) young

cpd dumu-munus [660x] = daughter [ ~ + 122A9 MUNUS cuneus]

lu₂-tur [35x] = son [121FD lu₂ hot rod + ~ ]

1230A TUR/TUR ZA/ZA

1230B U (vowel, basic cuneus); “10“; BUR₃ = hole | U₇ = curse, bewitch | 121E5 NÍGINxU) = PÚ = well (encircled area+hole) | šu₄ [24x] = totality, world | burud_x(U)(bur₃, buru₃)[49x] = breach, hole; depression, low-lying area, depth; to perforate / penetrate; (to be) deep | šu₄ = anus | šuš₂ (šu₄)[74x #2 behind 122D9 šu₂] = to cover, to spread over; to envelop, overwhelm; covering; to sink down; to cloud over; surface; to raise | bur₃ [54x #2 behind 12053 BUR 67x]= a unit of area; a unit of volume | ge₁₄ = stylus cuneus | [winkelhaken = angle hook]

[PLM]means "hole", and reads both u, "(oral) cavity", and hu3 "anus ("anal sphincter" or "anal cavity")". This is supported by another reading of this same sign: *šu4 (for *šü4), "excrement-palm", the left hand being used mandatorily for the hygiene of unclean bodily functions. It is, to this day, a serious insult to offer a MidEasterner the left hand as a greeting because of the traditional use of the left hand.

1230C U-GUD, ul [161x] = (to be) distant (in time); distant time

cpd (nigul) -ul (nig₂-ul) [33x] = an everlasting possession [ = "MUGSAR Benefactor whose family has been assigned a sign, cpd or section forever!"; asset; eternity, immortality; cf. etym. god | 120FB thing, possession + 1230C ul distant time]

1230D U+U+U | ESH / EŠ = 30 (numeric) | UŠU₃ | SIN = moon

1230E U/U PA/PA GAR/GAR

1230F U/U SUR/SUR |garadin₉ = sheaf, bundle (of reeds)

12310 U/U U rev/U rev

12311 U₂ [4129x] = plant(s); food; bread, loaf; grass; herb; pasture; firewood |determinative ^&u2; plants

[12147] ù / u3 [6340x] = and; but; also

12312 UB = [78x] corner| ar₂ = [56x] praise, fame; [11x] ruin

12313 UD / u₄ [29106xxx!] = sun, day, time / "Once, ..."; summer, heat, fever | UTU | tam, zalag, zimbir (ud.kib.nun), e₃ (ud.du) | babbar = white, shining | zabar = bronze | determinative ^&zabar; bronze | a₃h = dried, withered

cpde₃ (UD-DU) [1850x]= to leave, to go out; to thread, hang on a string; to remove, take away; to bring out; to enter; to bring in; to raise (sunrise), rear (a child); to sow; to rave; to winnow; to measure (grain) roughly (with a stick); to rent [~ + 1207A DU]

im-ta-e₃-a-ra = sunrise

ud-ba = day (open, halved, noon?, Later?) [~ + 12040 BA]

UD Variants:

12314 UD KUSH U2 | u [syl.] weathervane ??; 12315 UD x BAD ; 12316 UD x MI

12317 UD x U + U + U | ITI (UD×EŠ) itud, itid [2145x cf 36175x ??] = moon, month

12318 UD x U + U + U gunu;

12319 UD gunu (murub₆₎ (muru₁₃₎[446x] = cuneus, rear – see 12260 murub₄

1231A UD sheshig (šešig), itud_x, ITI | UD x EŠ ITI₂ ~ ITI x BAD = month[0x!]

1231B UD sheshig x BAD

1231C UDUG = a demon (of desert, mountain, sea, tomb); ~ figurine ??

1231D UM = [34x] reed (stylus? writing / black hero comes next to wheel UMBIN!), stem of

cf. 1207E DUB tablet; 12229mes(meš₃), kišib black hero

It's not just the Sumerians calling themselves black, the first professors are BLACK!um-mi-a = scholar, expert, craftsman [scholar 1231D UM reed stem (stylus/writing symbol, 1207E tablet var) + 1222AMI black + 12000 progeny]

1231E ~ x LAGAB; 1231F ~ x ME + DA; 12320 ~ x SHA3; 12321 ~ x U

..

Invention of the Wheel

12322 UMBIN = wheel | cf. 1232B UR₂ (lynchpin), 122FA TAK₄, = hold back (the King's fancy hub caps)

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

12323 UMUM, SIMUG [396x] = metalworker, smith [cf. True Etym. simug => smith] | umun₂ [16x] = knowledge; workshop

12324~ x KASKAL | DE₂ [702x] = to pour, to winnow

12325 ~ x PA

12326 UN | ug₃(ug₃, un) = [704x] people, KALAM= The Land (of Sumer)

cpd ùg sag gig.ga =Black Sumerians

12327 UN gunu

12328 UR = dog; ecstatic [cf. city of UR] | cpd NIG ~ MUG + UR = bitch

12329 UR +-ing UR; 1232A UR sheshig

1232B UR₂ = phallus, loin limb, root, base

UR₂ Variants

1232C ~ x A + HA; 1232D ~ x A + NA ; 1232E ~ x AL; 1232F ~ x HA; 12330 ~ x NUN; 12331 ~ x U2; 12332 ~ x U2 + ASH; 12333 ~ x U2 + BI

12334 UR₄ [612x]= to pluck; to gather, collect; to harvest

12335 URI, BUR/BUR = [17x] vessel; 12335 uri-ke = Agade / Akkad [ ~ + 121A4 KE₄ open field]

12336 UR_I3 qqq | cf. 122C0 ŠEŠ [in cpd Ur / UMIN] = brother, assistant | cf. 120E3 ur₁₄ [UNMNG]

12337 URU, IRI [2070x] RÍ (ri₂), U₁₉ = Civilization = Black Sumerian city-dwellers

cpd dari [100x] = eternal [12055 da (line, writing board) + 12337 ri₂ (civilization)]

URU Variants:

12338 ~ x A: 12339 ~ x ASHGAB

1233A URU x BAR, ukkin / unkin = [69x] assembly

1233B ~ x DUN; 1233C ~ x GA; 1233D ~ x GAL; 1233E ~ x GAN2 tenu; 1233F ~ x GAR; 12340 ~ x GU; 12341 ~ x HA; 12342 ~ x IGI; 12343 ~ x IM; 12344 ~ x ISH; 12345 ~ x KI; 12346 ~ x LUM;

12347 ~ x MIN | ulu₃, lu₇ | cpds lu₂-ulu₃= human [121FD lu₂ man + ~] | namlulu = [117x] humanity [12246 NAM destiny + op. cit.]

12348 ~ x PA; 12349 ~ x SHE; 1234A ~ x SIG4; 1234B ~ x TU; 1234C ~ x U + GUD; 1234D ~ x UD

1234E URU x URUDA, banshur / banšur = [256x] table

..

1234F URUDA, urud [992x] = copper | dab₆ = [30x] go around | determinative ^&urud; copper / bronze

12350 URUDA x U, TABIRA = copper

12351 USH, UŠ, nita, nita = [2267x] man, male, phallus | / geš₃ (giš₃) / gesh = phallus | [312x] unit of length | us₂ (uš) [9695x] = to accompany / follow / adjacent; (to be) of a lesser quality; to drag; to stretch; a qualification of grain; to thresh (grain) by treading; to coagulate? | us₂ [4087x] = side, edge; path | us₂[109x]= to lean on, impose; to check | determinative ^&m; before male names

[PLM] The Sumerian sign (Jaritz #424), depicts phallus with scrotum. Its main reading is uš (for *ûš), which means "cohabit, impregnate, stud-animal", representing "surround-excrete". The Sumerian word can be found in PIE (Proto-Indo-European): *wes-, "dampen, wet, male animal", and *wegw-, "damp, sprinkle".

cpds

geš₃-dug₄[46x] = mating [~ + 12157dug₄ perform]

geš₃-du_{3 (/KAK)} = mating [ ~ + 12195 du₃ perform]

geš₃-zig (12363) = erection [ ~ + 12363zig rise]

mu-USH (mu-uš) = 60 variant; erection??

geš₃-sur = urinate [ ~ + 122E9 sur squeeze / milk]

IM-MA-NI-IN-KA/dug₄ = mating [1214E IM storm + 12220 MA flow + 1224C NI quiver + 12154 IN = abuse, rape + 12157 dug4 / KA = perform, mating]

12352 ~ x A; 12353 ~ x KU; 12354 ~ x KUR; 12355 ~ x TAK4

12356 USH_X qqq | cf. 12230 hair

12357 USH₂ / uš₂ = [3556x] to die; to be dead; to kill; death | [50x] = blood; gore | [2x] = dead / dry reed (stylus) | ug₇ [259x] = plural and imperfect singular stem of uš (to die) | cf. 12041 BAD remote

12358 USHUM = serpent | cf. USHUM.GAL = dragon (big serpent)

12359 UTUKI = prob. honorific suffix | 3 signs: 12300 TIL = complete, end; sun + 12155 IR = ask, divinate + ?? ; could be a link to 12232 MUŠ = snake| cf. Marduk is derived from the Sumerian Amar-utu(ki) (see 1202B ) “the heifer [young cow?] of the sun-spirit”

1235A UZ3, uzud(ud₅, uz₃)[3299x]= (female) goat

1235B UZ3 x KASKAL

1235C UZU [274x] = flesh cf. SIG+UZU hit + flesh = TUD to beat / whip | determinative &uzu; body parts

1235D ZA, LIMMU₅ [11x] = 4 ["4" four numeric; cf. more used 121F9 limmu₂[1759x] | NIGIDA LIMMU, DIŠ/DIŠ+DIŠ/DIŠ | ZA = [113x] man; [43x] bead, gem; [113x] CVVE | cpd ZA-E = you [~ + 1208A E interjection]

1235E ZA tenu | ad4 [5x] = crippled

1235F ZA sq x KUR

12360 ZAG, ZA₃ [902x] = side; arm; shoulder; border, boundary, district; limit; right side, the right

cpd zag-bi = boundary open – endless [12360 ZAG boundary + 12049 BI open]

12361 ZAM_X

12362 ZE₂ = you; live | zi₂ [157x] = cut | cf. give | la (lalamu) [66x] = lust, backside

12363 ZI, ZID | zig₃ (zi) [8574x] = to issue; to levy, raise, muster; to expend; to swell / rise (have an erection) /geš3+zig | zid (zi) = [1475x]right; to be right, true, loyal, faithful | [815x] life, to breathe, self | syll.: sé, sí, ze, zi, | ZI+GA = insurgency, attack

12364 ZI/ZI

12365 ZI₃, zid₂, the real ESH₂ / eš₂ (eše₂) še₃ [7223x] = flour | [62x] rope, string [G-string - loincloth], thong (leather strip) | PSD as italic perhaps to distinguish from 120A0 (see note) native

cpd i₃-ne-eš₂ [ETCSL] = now Akk. Inanna [1224C NI time passes + 12248 NE fire; this + 12365 eš₂ string (loincloth)]

12366 ZIB = [16x] a mark; token; colour, paint

12367 ZIB KABA tenu

12368 ZIG = lower body

12369 ZIZ₂ [2856x] = wheat, work team

1236A ZU [964x] = to know; learn

cpds ABZU = abyss [1200A AB cosmic sea + 1236A ZU know]

nu-mu-un-zu-a = not know [(in all of Sumer) 12261 NU not + 1222C MU name + 12326 UN (KALAM / Sumer) + 1236A ZU know + 12000 A bemoan]

1236B ZU₅ = doctor | cf. a-zu [81x]; a-zu₅ [11x; 12000 A water + ~]

1236C ZU5 x A

1236D ZUBUR [UNMNG] | cf. 12367

1236E ZUM [37x] = revolve [on what!] | haš₄ (hash₄) = lower body, abdomen; thigh

[END]

A | Major Lemma | *QF* | Contents | Top

***

MUGSAR 4-WAY

1. unicode 2. sign 3. lemma 4. translation [28x12013CT] 444

Current WIP 4-Way Library:

Very Common Signs | top | Contents | *QF*

Sumerians – Kings of the Earthlings

Firstly, the issue over the more correct cuneiform. Clearly, it make much more sense that "gi" 12100 reed stylus (writing => knowledge => power; reed marsh of Tigris and Euphrates delta) should be the one we use. Rather than the much less used non-Sumerian, later Babylonian "gir₁₅" 120A0 (local), as shown at PSD for the individual logogram, 4900x to 7x, and the compound for Sumerian language "eme.gi" 21x over "eme.gir₁₅" only 1x, in the older period. And similarly for tablets refering to the King of Sumer, mainly use "ki.en.gi", rather than ki.en.gir₁₅ e.g. the famous Ur-Nammu tablet (see below, also ETCSL, e.g.1: Poem Išme-Dagan (c.2.5.4.01), line c25401.A.364; e.g.2: “Then the Martu peoples, who know no agriculture, arose in all Sumer…”, c1822.369). So why do the elites misquote the cuneiform sign actually used?!

Also see Proto Language Monosyllables – Patrick Ryan clearly knows what he is talking about, “…Emegi, the language of males in Sumer, differs in some interesting ways from equivalent forms inEmesal, the language of females…”

[12174 'eme' = tongue, language + 12100 GI reed / write]

One can imagine that the Sumerians were dominant and respected by other states because they could write, hence the emphasis on reed stylus. Thus they were looked on as, “Kings of the Earthlings because the stylus is mightier than the sword”.

4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents

..

4-Way follows…

Inana lady (wonder) come to pass Ur-Nammu the mighty man

12239	cpd	12000	1224C	cpd	cpd
dinana	nin	a	ni	Ur-Nammu
Inana determ. 1202D AN+ 12239 MUŠ3	lady, mistress 122A9 MUG cuneus + 12306 TUG2 garment	bemoan / sigh of wonder ; progeny; (water)	comes to pass	(Ur-Engur) 12328 UR dog, city? + determ. 1202D AN+ 121C9 cosmic waters	mighty man 12351 NITA male + 12197 KALAG mighty + 120B5 GA suckling, young

King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad

cpd	cpd	cpd
lugal ur-im-ki	lugal ki-en-gi ki	uri-ke
King of Ur 12217 LUGAL King + cpd Ur-im + 121A0 KI city	King of Sumer 12217 LUGAL King + Sumer: “121A0 KI cosmic world + 12097 EN lord + 12100 GI place of reeds stylus, writing, knowledge, power” + 121A0 KI city	and Akkad 12335 URI vessel, (Akkad) + 121A4 KE4 open field

..

temple build

cpd	cpd
e-a-ni	mu-na-du
temple 1208D E2 temple + aux a-ni: “12000 A wonder + 1224C NI timelessness”	build 1222C MU year, name + 1223E NA pestle + 12195 DU build

Sumerians called themselves“black-headed people”

cpd

ùg3-sag-gíg2-ga

Sumerians 12326 ùg3 people (KALAM Sumer) + 12295 sag head + 1222A gíg2 black + 120B5 ga carry / aux.

Examples in tablets follow…

4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents

There in the tablets, “black people” are the “city-dwellers” and “rulers of Sumer”

Cont. from Inana | 4-Way top | TOC

231. His father replied to the boy;

232. his father replied to Šukaletuda:

233. “My son, you should join the city-dwellers your brothers the rulers of Sumer.

234. Go at once to the black-headed people, your brothers!

235. Then this woman [Inana] will not find you in the lands of Sumer.”

236. He joined the city-dwellers, his brothers all together.

237. He went at once to the black-headed people, his brothers,

238. and the woman did not find him in the lands.

[ETCSL: c133.231]

231. lu₂-tur ad-da-ni mu-na-ni-ib-gi₄-gi₄

232. šu-kal-/le\-tud-da ad-[da-ni] mu-na-ni-ib-gi₄-gi₄

233. dumu-gu₁₀ iri šeš-zu -eb-us₂-en

234. sag gig₂ šeš-zu-ne giri3 gub-ba gen-na

235. munus-e šag4 kur-kur-ra-ka nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad₃-de₃-en

236. iri šeš-a-ni ni2-bi-a im-us2

237. sag gig₂ šeš-a-ni giri3 gub-ba im-gen

238. munus-e šag4 kur-kur-ra-ka nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad3

4-Way follows…

Inana & Šukaletuda (c.1.3.3), line c133.231 [cont from Inana 138b]

231. lu₂-tur ad-da-ni mu-na-ni-ib-gi₄-gi₄

[ETCSL: His father replied to the boy]

son father for a time tossed the problem around

cpd	cpd	cpd
lu2-tur	ad-da-ni	mu-na-ni-ib-gi4-gi4
son 121FD lu2 male + 12309 TUR son	father 1201CAD father +12055 DA line (gen.) + 1224C NI in time	tossed the problem around 1222C MU year, dear, name, son + 1223E NA pestle + 1224C NI comes to pass + 12141 IB oval + 12104 x2 gi4-gi4 (conversation) reply

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.231 (or c133.177)

..

232. šu-kal-/le\-tud-da ad-[da-ni] mu-na-ni-ib-gi₄-gi₄

[ETCSL: his father replied to Šukaletuda]

Šukaletuda father for a time tossed the problem around

cpd	cpd	cpd
šu-kal-le-tud-da	ad-da-ni	mu-na-ni-ib-gi4-gi4
Šukaletuda 122D7 ŠU hand + 12197 KAL mighty + 121F7 LE branch + 12305 TU small + 12055 DA line	father op. cit.	advised op. cit.

etcsl.ohinst.ox…c133.232

233. dumu-gu10 iri šeš-zu -eb-us2-en [Inana-Šukaletuda c133.233]

[ETCSL: "My son, you should join the city-dwellers your brothers.]

son city-dwellers your brothers get protection from them the rulers of Sumer

12309	12337	122C0	cpd
dumu-gu10	iri	šeš-zu	-eb-us2-en
son 12309 TUR son + 1222C gu10 dear, son	city-dwellers	brothers 122C0 šeš brother + 1236A ZU know	get protection from the rulers of Sumer 120F6 be he + 12141 IB oval + 12351 us2 lean on + 12097 EN rulers of Sumer

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.233

..

234. sag gig2 šeš-zu-ne giri3 gub-ba gen-na [Inana-Šukaletuda c133.234]

[ETCSL: Go at once to the black-headed people, your brothers!]

black people your brothers hop to it go

12295	1222A	122C0|12248	1210A	1207A	cpd
sag	gig2	šeš-zu-ne	giri3	gub-ba	gen-na
head / people	black	brothers your op. cit. | 12248 NE these / your	foot; path, via	stand 1207A DU stand + 12040 BA split	go 1207A gen go + 1223E pestle

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.234

235. munus-e šag4 kur-kur-ra-ka nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad3-de3-en

[ETCSL: Then this woman [Inana] will not find you in all the lands.”]

That woman! interior of all the land talking did not find in Sumer the rapist

122A9	122AE	cpd	cpd
munus-e	šag4	kur-kur-ra-ka	nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad3-de3 EN
That woman! munus + 1208AE interjection	interior	in all the land talking (about the rape) 121B3 KURlands + 1228F RA aux. + 12157 KA talk	not find in Sumer the rapist (of Inana) op. cit. pad3. + 12097 EN abbrev. for Sumer

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.235

..

236. iri šeš-a-ni ni2-bi-a im-us2

[ETCSL: He joined the city-dwellers, his brothers all together.]

city dwellers his brothers in time all together joined

12337	cpd	cpd	12351
iri	šeš-a-ni	ni2-bi-a	im-us2
city-dwellers	brothers his 122C0 šeš brother + 12000 A bemoan + 1224C NI in time	themselves (1224E ni2 + 12049 BI + 12000 A) [see ETCSL]	joined 1214E IM copula+ 12351 us2 accompany, follow

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.236

237. sag gig2 šeš-a-ni giri3 gub-ba im-gen

[ETCSL: He went at once to the black-headed people, his brothers,]

black people his brothers hopping to it went

12295	1222A	cpd	1210A	1207A	cpd
sag	gig2	šeš-a-ni	giri3	gub-ba	im-gen
head / people	black	brothers his op. cit. 236	foot op. cit. 234	stand op. cit. 234	went 1214E IM copula + 1207A gen go

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.237

..

238. munus-e šag4 kur-kur-ra-ka nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad3

[ETCSL: and the woman did not find him in the land.]

That woman! interior of all the land did not find the rapist

122A9	122AE	cpd	cpd
munus-e	šag4	kur-kur-ra-ka	nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad3
That woman! op. cit. 235	interior	in the land op. cit.	not find the rapist (of Inana) op. cit. pad3.

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.238

[END extract] | 231 | 4-Way top | TOC

ETCSL Search: “black-headed people” sag-gig2 (-ga)

4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents

137-148. The francolin …… to the …… of its ……. The francolin …… to the birthplace of Dumuzid. Like a pigeon on its window ledge it took counsel with itself; the francolin in its shelter took counsel. Only his mother Durtur can gladden my master! Only his mother Durtur can gladden Dumuzid! My goddess, born in Kuara, the maiden who is the crown of all ……, the admiration and acclaim of the black-headed people, the playful one who also voices laments and the cries, who intercedes before the king — Geštin-ana, the lady, did …….

..

137. […]-ba-še3 buru5-?abrudmušen-e nam /il2\

138. ki-ulutim2 ddumu-zid-da-še3 buru5-abrudmušen-e […]

139. tum12mušen-gin7 ab-lal3-ba ni2-bi-a ad-e-eš ba-ni-ib2-gi4

140. buru5-abrudmušen-e a2-bur2-ba ad-e-eš ba-ni-ib-gi4

141. lugal-gu10 ama-ni ddur7-/tur\-ra-am3 i3-ul2-le

142. ddumu-zid-de3 ama-ni <ddur7-tur-ra-am3 i3-ul2-le>

143. in-nin-gu10 u3-tud-da kuaraki

144. ki-sikil amar sig7-ga men-bi

145. u6 di nig2-me-gar sag gig2-ga

146. e-ne dug4-dug4 i-lu akkil dug4-dug4

147. nam-šita dug4-dug4 lugal-la […]

148. dgeštin-an-na-ke4 nin […]

–

c.1.3.2/Tr/Gl sag gig2-ga šir3-re-eš bi2-ib-ra

She shall determine fates. She shall apportion the divine powers among the Anuna, the great gods. And as for you, I will place in your hands the lives of the black-headed people.” When you get there, let the woman I have chosen for her beauty …… her mother. Do not go to her empty-handed, but take her some jewellery in your left hand. Waste no time. Return with her answer quickly.”

–

31-38. In the Gagiššua of the great palace, where she renders verdicts with grandeur, he made the great mother Ninlil glad. Enlil and Ninlil relished it there. In its great dining hall, the trustworthy hero chosen by Nunamnir made them enjoy a magnificent meal: the E-kur was rejoicing. They looked with approval at the shepherd Ur-Namma, and the Great Mountain decreed a great destiny for Ur-Nammu for all time, making him the mightiest among his black-headed people.

..

31. ga2-giš-šu2-a /e2\-gal ma-di gal ku5-ru-da-ni

32. /ama\ gal dnin-lil2-ra ul mu-na-ni-in-de6

33. den-lil2 dnin-lil2-bi dug3 mi-ni-in-gal2-le-eš

34. unu2 gal-ba šul zid mu pad3-da dnu-nam-nir-ra-ka (zi-kir šu-mi)

35. ninda ma am3-mi-ni-dug3 e2-kur ul2-la-am3

36. igi zid mu-un-ši-in-bar-re-eš sipad dur-dnamma-ra

37. kur gal-e sipad dur-dnamma-ra nam gal ud su3-ra2-še3 mu-ni-in-tar

38. sag gig2-ga-na a2 mi-ni-in-ma

–

4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents

ETCSL translation : t.2.5.3.4

http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c.2.5.3.4

A šir-namerima (?) for Iddin-Dagan (Iddin-Dagan D)

1-2. Great lady, majestic physician to the black-headed, holy Ninisina, daughter of An, may you be praised!

3-9. Lady whose tempest, like a raging storm, …… the interior of heaven and the trembling earth, whose upraised fierce face, like a fire, rips the bodies of the enemy; who, like a dragon, does not bring up venom in her place where ……, paws of a lion, sharpened knives, claws constantly dripping blood, …… which prick the body with fear! When you draw through the flesh the scalpel and the lancet, knives like lion's claws — the bodies of the black-headed people tremble because of you!

..

1. nin gal <a>-zu ma sag gig2-ga

2. kug dnin-isin2si-na dumu an-na me-teš2 -i-i

3. nin tum9u18-lu-ni ud mir-a-gin7 an-šag4-a ki dub2-bu X

4. dgibil6-gin7 igi /uš il2\-la-ni erim2-ma su dar-dar-re

5. ušumgal-gin7 ki KA X-a-na uš11-bi nu-ed3-de3

6. /šu pirig\-ga2 giri2 u3-sar ak umbin uš2 biz-biz-biz

7. su X A E de2-de3 ni2 su-a ru-ru-gu2

8. giri2-zal bulug-kig2-gur4 giri2 pirig-ga2-gin7 uzu e3-a-zu-uš

9. ug3 sag gig2 su ma-ra-sag3-sag3-ge

–

A praise poem of ammu-rabi

http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c.2.8.2.1

1-17.

1 line fragmentary …… acting as its lord ……

7 lines fragmentary …… the black-headed ……. …… the Euphrates ……. …… the Tigris …….

10. […]-zu X um-ma-ri sag gig2-ga [(…)] /IM?\ en GIL

–

http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c.5.5.4

18-27. Here, {in {"Where Flesh Came Forth"} {(1 ms. has instead:) "Where Flesh Grew"} (the name of a cosmic location) , he set this very hoe (al) to work;} {(1 other ms. has instead:) in "Where Flesh Grew" the unassailable (?),} he had it place the first model of mankind in the brick mould. His Land started to break through the soil towards Enlil. He looked with favour at his black-headed people. Now the Anuna gods stepped forward to him, and did (gal) obeisance to him. They calmed Enlil with a prayer, for they wanted to demand (al-dug) the black-headed people from him. Ninmena, the lady who had given birth to the ruler, who had given birth to the king, now set (algaga) human reproduction going.

..

18. {{uzu-e3-a} {(1 ms. has instead:) uzu-mu2-a} gišal am3-mi-ni-in-du3}

{

(1 other ms. has instead the line:)

18A. uzu-mu2-a sag nu-ga2-ga2-de3

}

19. sag nam-lu2-ulu3 u3-šub-ba mi-ni-in-gar

20. den-lil2-še3 kalam-ma-ni ki mu-un-ši-in-dar-re

21. sag gig2-ga-ni-še3 igi zid mu-ši-in-bar

22. da-nun-na mu-un-na-sug2-sug2-ge-eš

23. šu-bi giri17-ba mu-un-ne-gal2

24. den-lil2 a-ra-zu-a mu-ni-in-ug-e-ne

25. ug3 sag gig2-ga al mu-un-da-be2-ne

26. nin en u3-tud-de3 lugal u3-tud-de3

27. dnin-men-na-ke4 tud-tud al-ga2-ga2

–

4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents

http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c.5.3.6

1-10.

2 lines fragmentary of Enlil ……. Small ten-shekel pieces of silver ……

6 lines fragmentary … unknown no. of lines missing

1-11.

5 lines fragmentary …… in aromatic oil of cedar ……. …… humans, the black-headed people. Let him anoint each with my …… aromatic oil of cedar. …… it is an abomination to my king.

..

7. […] /lu2\-ulu3 ug3 sag gig2-ge

8. […] i3 šim gišerin-na-ga2-ta-am3 a-mu-ta-/šeš4\-e

9. […]I-bi-ra lugal-ga2 nig2-gig-bi-[im]

–

Sumer

The Victory of Utu-Hengal, ETCSL transliteration : c.2.1.6.

4. ki-en-gi-ra2 nij2-a-erim2 /bi2-in\-si-a

21. sig-ce3 ki-en-gi-ra2 {gana2} {(1 ms. has instead:) jic} bi2-kece2

http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c.5.3.3

236-247. “When the šem and ala drums, …… and other instruments play together for him, he passes the time with your heart-gladdening tigi and zamzam instruments. But it is I who have made the wine plentiful and made much to eat and drink. I perfect the garments with fine oil. I bring up the ……, the šutur and aktum garments. As for safeguarding, the best in Sumer, in the oppressive heat (?) of Summer, where they had been put away in the bedrooms amongst the black-headed people, moths destroy the blankets and make the aktum cloth perish because of you. …… exhausts itself for you ……. The wooden chest ……. I am Ninkasi's help, for her I sweeten the beer, with as much cold water, the tribute of the hills, as you brought.”

..

236. šem3 kuša2-la2 si-ŠIR3 giš-gu3-di ni2-ba u3-mu-na-du12

237. tigi za-am-za-am nig2 šag4 ul2-la-zu ud mi-ni-ib-zal-zal-e

238. ge26-e geštin lu-lu-me-en gu7 nag gal-gal-me-en

239. tug2 i3 dug3-ge ba-ab-du7-me-en

240. /nig2\-tug2-ba tug2šutur tug2aktum-ma a2 ba-ni-e3-a-me-en

241. /kum2\-ma dugud e2-me-eš sag ki-en-gi*-ra zi-bi tum2-tum2-de3

242. ug3 sag gig2-ga ur2-bi-a ki-nu2 gar-gar-ra-bi

243. tug2nig2-barag2 nim mu-ra-be4-be4 tug2aktum mu-ra-sa6

244. gišnig2-keše2-da a2 mu-ra-ab-kuš2-u3 e2-gal ma-ra-ŠEŠ-ŠEŠ

245. gišgu2-ne-sag-ga2-ke4 mu-un-kig2-kig2 en3 tar mu-ni-gal2

246. dnin-ka-si-ke4 a2-ta-a-ni-me-en kaš mu-un-na-ab-dug3-ge-en

247. a sed4 gu2-un ur-sag-ga2 a-na mu-e-tum2-tum2-mu

* So here in one of the few extant examples, "Sumer" = “sag ki-en-gi” = head(/people) +

cosmic world + lord + reed stylus "gi" [not little used 'gir₁₅' native]

…

4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents

First Professors are Black!

The advice of a supervisor to a younger scribe (E-dub-ba-a C)

(The supervisor speaks...)" src="signsmugsar17/icon_smile.gif">

1. dumu e₂-dub-ba-a ud ul-la ga₂-nu ki-gu₁₀-še₃

[ETCSL: {Apprentice!} One-time member of the school, come here to me,]

Apprentice scribe school once supervised won"t you come down to the designated place

12309	cpd	12313	1230C+121B7	120B7+12261	cpd
dumu	e2-dub-ba-a	UD	ul-la	ga2-nu	ki-gu10-še3
appren -tice	scribe school 1208D e2 school, house + 1207E DUB tablet + 12040 BA allot, share + 12000 progeny	day, once…	distant time + show, supervise	place, come down + NU not (won"t you come)	designated place 121A0 KI place + 1222C MU name son + 12365 še3 string

Note: Original translation inexplicably doesn"t bother to translate the

very first word, “dumu” = apprentice – probably the most interesting and important part of the whole introduction…

http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c513.1

4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents

2. nig₂ um-mi-a-gu₁₀ mu-un-pad₃-da za-e ga-ra-pad₃-pad₃

http://etcsl.orinst.ox.a...c513.2

[ETCSL: and let me explain to you what my teacher revealed]

something, dear professor, who of course must be black, revealed to the people of Sumer, you, like threshing grain will be revealed

120FB	cpd	cpd	cpd	cpd
nig2	um-mi-a-gu10	mu-un-pad3-da	za-e	ga-ra-pad3-pad3
some-thing	professor who of course must be black 1231D UM reed stem (stylus / writing symbol) (1207E tablet var) + 1222AMI black* + 12000 progeny + 1222C gu10 dear	revealed to the people of Sumer 1222C MU name + 12326 UN (KALAM = Sumer) + cpd pad3 reveal + 12055 DA writing board	you 1235D + 1208A	like threshing grain will be revealed 120B5 GA bring + 1228F RA threshing + cpd pad3 reveal x2

* There are some who say that when the Sumerians call themselves black it should not be taken literally, and black means local or something. Also in signs for other professions the scribes don"t add this extra point , but here they emphasize the first professors that started the education revolution 5000 years ago are BLACK!

3. za-e-gin₇-nam nam-lu₂-tur i₃-ak šeš-gal i₃-tuku-am₃

[ETCSL: "Like you, I was once a youth and had a mentor]

za-e-gin7-nam	nam-lu2-tur	i3-ak	šeš-gal	i3-tuku-am3
you (sg.) ZA-E-DIM2-NAM	status as child NAM-LU2-TUR	to do NI-AK	elder brother ŠEŠ-GAL	to have NI-TUK-A.AN

http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c513.3

*END current WIP*

4-Way top | Very Common Signs | top | Contents | *QF*

3-8.

“Like you, I was once a youth and had a mentor.

The teacher assigned a task to me — it was man's work.

Like a springing reed, I leapt up and put myself to work.

I did not depart from my teacher's instructions,

and I did not start doing things on my own initiative.

My mentor was delighted with my work on the assignment.

He rejoiced that I was humble before him and he spoke in my favour.”

3.za-e-gin7-nam nam-lu2-tur i3-ak šeš-gal i3-tuku-am3

4. um-mi-a lu2-ta kig2-ga2-am3 a2 ag2-ga2 giš bi2-in-gar

5. gi al-gu4-ud-da-gin7 i3-gu4-ud-de3-en kig2-ga2 bi2-in-sig10-ge-en

6. inim um-mi-a-gu10 nu-un-taka4 nig2 ni2-ga2 li-bi2-ak

7. šeš-gal-gu10 a2 giš gar-ra-ga2 šag4-ga-ni i-ni-in-dug3

8. i3-sun5-ne na-mu-da-ši-ul2 silim-ga2 i-ni-in-dug4

9-15.

9. “I just did whatever he outlined for me — everything was always in its place. 10. Only a fool would have deviated from his instructions.

11. He guided my hand on the clay and kept me on the right path.

12. He made me eloquent with words and gave me advice.

13. He focused my eyes on the rules which guide a man with a task:

14. zeal is proper for a task, time-wasting is taboo; 15. anyone who wastes time on his task is neglecting his task.”

9. giš ma-an-ur-ra na-an-dim2 ki-bi-še3 al-gar-gar

10. na de5-ga-ni-ta lu2 u-ru-um šu bar dib-ba-e

11. im-ma šu-gu10 si ba-ni-in-sa2 us2 zid mu-un-dab5

12. ka-gu10 inim-ma gal2 ba-ni-in-taka4 ad gi4-gi4 ma-an-pad3

13. giš-ur lu2 a2 ag2-ga2 si sa2-e igi ma-ni-in-si-si

14. gu2 zi-zi-i a-la a2 ag2-ga2-kam ud zal-le nig2-gig-ga

15. lu2 ki a2 ag2-ga2-ni-še3 ud zal-la a2 ag2-ga2-ni ab-taka4

16-20.

“He did not vaunt his knowledge: his words were modest.

If he had vaunted his knowledge, people would have frowned.

Do not waste time, do not rest at night — get on with that work!

Do not reject the pleasurable company of a mentor or his assistant:

once you have come into contact with such great brains,

you will make your own words more worthy.”

16. nig2-zu-a-ni pa nu-um-e3 ka-ga14-ni ba-an-la2

17. tukum-bi nig2-zu-a-ni pa ba-an-e3 igi mu-un-su-su-u3-ne

18. ud na-ab-zal-e-en gi6 na-ab-sed4-e-en a2-bi-še3 gen-na

19. šeš-gal šeš-ban3-da -li-a-bi na-an-na-ni-ib-gi4-gi4

20. sag-ki gal-gal-la um-ma-te inim-zu ba-dugud-de3-en

21-26.

“And another thing: you will never return to your blinkered vision; that would be greatly to demean due deference, the decency of mankind.

Worthy plants [offerings?] calm the heart, and sins are absolved.

An empty-handed man's gifts are respected as such.

Even a poor man clutches a kid to his chest as he kneels.

You should defer to the powers that be and …… — that will calm you.”

21. 2-kam-ma-še3 igi keše2-da-zu-še3 nu-ra-ni-ib-gi4-gi4

22. ki za-za teš2 lu2-u18-lu-ka ma-bi gu2 -ri-du3

23. u2 teš2-a-ka šag4 ab-sed4-de3 nam-tag-ga al-du8-e

24. lu2 šu sug4-ga-ka kadra-ni ur5-še3 nir mu-un-gal2

25. lu2 nig2 nu-tuku maš2 gur-ra-na gaba-na i-im-tab

26. lu2-garza2-ra ki -en-ne-za [he2]-keše2 ba-sed4-de3

27-28.

“There, I have recited to you what my teacher revealed, and you will not neglect it.

You should pay attention — taking it to heart will be to your benefit!”

27. nig2 um-mi-a-gu10 mu-un-pad3-de3 e-ra-šid nu-mu-ra-ab-taka4

28. gizzal -bi2-ak šag4-še3 gid2-i-de3 sag9-ge-zu mu-da-an-gal2

29-35.

The learned scribe humbly answered his supervisor:

“I shall give you a response to what you have just recited like a magic spell,

and a rebuttal to your charming ditty delivered in a bellow.

Do not make me out to be an ignoramus — I will answer you once and for all!

You opened my eyes like a puppy's and you made me into a human being.

But why do you go on outlining rules for me as if I were a shirker?

Anyone hearing your words would feel insulted!”

29. dub-sar umun2 ak sun5-na-bi ugula-a-ni mu-un-na-ni-ib-gi4-gi4

30. ud mu7-mu7-gin7 ab-šid-en-na-a ba-an-gi4-bi a-ra-ab-a-za-an

31. mu gud-gin7 i-lu dug3-ga-zu-še3 giš i3-la2-a-bi

32. lu2 nu-zu nam-mu-ni-ib-ku4-ku4 1(DIŠ)-am3 ga-ra-ni-ib-gi4

(1 ms. inserts lines 60A and 60B here instead of after line 60)

33. ur-gir15 tur-gin7 igi mu-e-bad-bad nam-lu2-ulu3 mu-e-ak

34. a-na-aš-am3 lu2 ga2-la dag-ga-gin7 giš ma-ab-ur-ur-re-en

35. lu2 inim-zu giš ba-ni-in-tuku-a šu am3-ma-kar2-kar2

36-41.

“Whatever you revealed of the scribal art has been repaid to you.

You put me in charge of your household and I have never served you by shirking.

I have assigned duties to the slave girls, slaves and subordinates in your household.

I have kept them happy with rations, clothing and oil rations,

and I have assigned the order of their duties to them, so that you do not have to follow the slaves around in the house of their master.

I do this as soon as I wake up, and I chivvy them around like sheep.”

36. nam-dub-sar-ra a-na mu-e-pad3-da-zu šu-za ba-ni-in-šum2

37. e2-za -bi2-gub-be2-en ud na-me nig2 ga2-la dag-ga-gu10-uš sa2 ba-ra-am3-mu-ri-ib-dug4

38. geme2 arad2 giri3-sig10-ga e2-za kig2-gi4-a -bi2-ne-gi4

39. šukur2-bi tug2-bi u3 i3-ba-bi šag4-bi a-ma-dug3-ga

40. a-ra2-bi-še3 kig2-gi4-a -bi2-in-ne-gi4 e2 lugal-ka arad2 ba-ra-bi2-in-us2

41. gaba ud-ga2 -bi2-ak udu-gin7 -eb-us2-u3-nam

42-49.

“When you have ordered offerings to be prepared, I have performed them for you on the appropriate days.

43] I have made the sheep and banquets attractive, so that your god is overjoyed.

44] When the boat of your god arrives, people should greet it with respect.

45] When you have ordered me to the edge of the fields, I have made the men work there.

It is challenging work which permits no sleep either at night or in the heat of day, if the cultivators are to do their best at the field-borders.

I have restored quality to your fields, so people admire you.

Whatever your task for the oxen, I have exceeded it and have fully completed their loads for you.”

42. sizkur2 sa gi4-gi4-da -mu-e-dug4 ud-bi sa2 -ri-ib-dug4

43. udu-bi u2-gu7-bi a-ma-sag9-sag9 digir-zu -ul2

44. ud ma2 digir-za us2-sa-bi giri17 šu a-ra-ab-tag-ge-ne

45. gaba a-šag4-ga-še3 a2 -mu-e-da-a-a-ag2 erin2-e kig2 -bi2-ak

46. kig2 a-da-min3-na gi6 an-bar7-ba u3 ba-ra-bi2-ku-am3

47. us2-a-DU dumu engar-ra-ke4-e-ne sag u-mu-un-kal-le-ne

48. a-šag4-za šu nam-sag9-ga -bi2-gi4 ug3-e u6 di -ri-ib-dug4

49. gud-de3 a-na-am3 gub-zu dirig -em-tum3 gu2-un-bi a-ra-ab-silim-ma-am3

50-53.

“Since my childhood you have scrutinised me and kept an eye on my behaviour, inspecting it like fine silver — there is no limit to it!

Without speaking grandly — as is your shortcoming — I serve before you.

But those who undervalue themselves are ignored by you –

know that I want to make this clear to you.”

50. tur-ra-gu10-ta -em-ma-dim4-e-en a-ra2-gu10 igi -bi2-du8

51. kug sag9-ga-gin7 kurum7 -bi2-ak ki-šer11 la-ba-an-tuku

52. gal-bi nu-di nig2-gig-zu-gin7 e-ra-da-tuš-u3-nam

53. ni2 tur-tur-re e-ra-da-sa6-sa6-na pa ga-ra-ab-e3 zu-a

54-59. (The supervisor answers:)

“Raise your head now, you who were formerly a youth. You can turn your hand against any man, so act as is befitting.” (The scribe speaks:) “Through you who offered prayers and so blessed me, who instilled instruction into my body as if I were consuming milk and butter, who showed his service to have been unceasing, I have experienced success and suffered no evil.”

54. ud-bi-ta lu2-tur -me-en-na i3-ne-eš2 sag-zu il2

55. šu-zu lu2-ra mu-da-an-gi4-gi4-in a-ra2-bi-še3 DU-mu-un

56. šudu3 -mu-e-ša4 nam mu-tar-ra

57. na de5-ga ga i3 gu7-a-gin7 su-ga2 i-ni-in-kur9-ra

58. gub-bu ga2-la nu-dag-ge pad3-da-zu

59. ki sag9-ga-bi sa2 -ri-ib-dug4 nig2-ul-bi li-bi2-in-ak

60-61. (The supervisor answers:)

“The teachers, those learned men, should value you highly. {(2 mss. add 3 lines, 1 of the 2 mss. adds 2 more lines which correspond to lines 67 and 68 in this edition:) They should … in their houses and in prominent places. Your name will be hailed as honourable for its prominence. For your sweet songs even the cowherds will strive gloriously. For your sweet songs I too shall strive and shall … The teacher will bless you with a joyous heart.} You who as a youth sat at my words have pleased my heart.”

60. um-mi-a lu2 inim zu-u3-ne sag u-mu-un-kal-le-ne

{2 mss. add 3 lines:)

60A. e2-bi-a ki sag-kal-la-ba DI-DI u-mu-un-e-ne

60B. mu-zu dug3-ge-eš pad3-de3-da-bi sag-ki-bi ma-gal2

(1 of the 2 mss. has lines 67 and 68 after line 60B instead of after line 66)

60E. um-mi-a šag4 ul2-la-ni-ta šudu3 mu-na-an-ša4

61. lu2-tur inim-gu10-še3 ba-tuš-u3-nam šag4-gu10 bi2-dug3-ga-am3

62-72.

“Nisaba has placed in your hand the honour of being a teacher. {For her, the fate determined for you will be changed and so you will be generously blessed} {(1 ms. has instead:)

You were created by Nisaba! May you … upwards}.

May she bless you with a joyous heart and free you from all despondency. … at whatever is in the school, the place of learning.

66] The majesty of Nisaba … silence.

For your sweet songs even the cowherds will strive gloriously.

For your sweet songs I too shall strive and shall ….[omitted: 'do something for your MUNUS']

They should recognise that you are a practitioner (?) of wisdom.

The little fellows should enjoy like beer the sweetness of decorous words:

experts bring light to dark places, they bring it to culs-de-sac and streets.”

62. dnisaba dugud-da um-mi-a šu-za i-ni-in-gar-ra

63. {nam i-ri-tar-ra mu-na-ra-kur2-ru šu zid a-ra-an-ga2-ga2}

{(1 ms. has instead the line:) šu dug4-ga dnisaba-me-en gu2 an-še3 […]}

64. šag4 ul2-la nam-še3 -bi2-tar šag4 sag3 -da-zig3

65. e2-dub-ba-a ki-umum-ma a-na gal2-la […]

66. nam-ma dnisaba nig2-me-gar pad3-pad3 di-da-/bi?

67. gud-us2 šir3 dug₃-dug₃-ga-zu-še3 giš la2-bi ma

68. šir3 dug₃-ga-zu-še3 giš ga-mu-ni-in-la2 MUNUS-zu-gin7 ga-mu-ni-tag-tag

69. nig2 geštug2-ga nu-u18-lu-me-en u-mu-un-pad3-pad3-de3-ne

70. di4-di4-la2 inim-inim-ma -du7 kaš u-mu-un-ku7-ku7-de3-ne

71. gašam ki ku10-ku10-ga ud ga2-ga2

72. sila sag gi4-a sila-a ba-an-ga2-ga2

73-74.

Praise Nisaba who has brought order to … and fixed districts in their boundaries, the lady whose divine powers are divine powers that have no rival!

73. us2 teš2-ba ri-a si sa2-e in ki-bi sur-sur

74. nin me-ni-da me nu-sa2-a dnisaba za3-mi2

[End Scribe School]

..

Quotes

eme-gi-še₃ gu₂-zu na-ab-šub-be₂-en

“Don"t neglect the Sumerian language!”

(Letter from Inim-Inana to Lugal-ibila c.3.3.12.3.)

..

"Ipiq-Aya The Apprentice Scribe" [Google Books] p145 of The Scribe of the Flood Story and His Circle Ch7 p140-166 – Frans van Koppen – The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture, ed. Karen Radner, Eleanor Robson OUP '2011 (see also free download at academia.com; a backup of the MUGSAR is there too).

..

Oldest written love stories

4-Way Inana | 4-Way top | Contents

Note: This section covered in more detail in Mugsar download version

Ecology of Romance in a Myth of Inanna - Judy Grahn

Inanna went into the mountains and began flying around. From one border of the territory to the other, she flew round and round. She flew around the Tree whose roots intertwine with the horizon of heaven, by now so tired that she lay down beside its boundary roots. She had in her loincloth a weaving of the seven cosmic powers, across her thighs. Her thoughts were with her shepherd lover, Dumuzid. On the same plot of land a youth, Šukaletuda, was working, and saw her; he approached, untied the loincloth of divine powers…

..

It was only in '1949, in an article of the volume XVII of Achive Oriental called A Blood-Plague Motif in Sumerian Mythology, that Samuel Noah Kramer translated for the first time this myth…[more]

..

The Literature of Ancient Sumer edited Jeremy A. Black

“Inana needed to pass through the seven gates of the "abzu" (abyss), and was not allowed to pass through unless she removed an article of clothing / jewelry for each of gate. Her clothes were symbolic of her divine power, thus she was systematically weakened in this fashion. By the time she arrived in the inner palace, she was almost naked and almost dead…” [more]

cf. http://www.academia.edu/1247599/Inana_and_Sukaletuda_A_Sumerian_Astral_Myth

..

Inana and the Seven Cosmic Powers of her Loincloth

Note Intro above | 4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents

112a.

u₄-/ba nin-gu₁₀ an\ mu-un-nigin₂-na-ta

Once, lady dear heaven (flew/) roamed around,

cpd	cpd	1222C	1202D	cpd
ud-ba	nin	- gu10	an\	/mu-un-nigin2-na-ta\
Once 12313 UD day + 12040 BA open halve	lady, mistress 122A9 MUG cuneus + 12306 TUG2 garment	"dear one" determ. / honor.	heaven	roamed around 1222C MU name + 12326 UN (KALAM = Sumer) + 121B8 nigin2 encircle + 1223E NA incense + 122EB TA much

112b.

ki /mu-un- nigin₂ \-[na]-/ta\

cosmic world roamed around

121A0	cpd
ki	/mu-un-nigin2-na-ta\
cosmic world	to roam around op. cit. 112a

113a. [Inana top]

^dinana an mu-un-nigin₂-na-ta

Inana heaven roamed around,

12239	1202D	cpd
dinana	an	/mu-un-nigin2-na-ta\
Inana Determ. 1202D AN+ 12239 MUŠ3	heaven	roamed around op. cit. 112a

..

113b.

ki /mu-un- nigin₂ \-[na]-/ta\

cosmos roamed around

121A0	cpd
ki	/mu-un-nigin2-na-ta\
cosmic	roamed around op. cit. 112a

114. [Inana top]

/elam^ki\ su-bir₄^ki-a mu-un-nigin₂-na-ta

Elam & Subir roamed around

cpd	cpd	cpd
/elamki\	su-bir4ki-a	/mu-un-nigin2-na-ta\
Elam "NIM" 1224F "ki" Detern. place	Subir 122E2 SU skin games + bir4 = EDEN 12094 + "ki" Detern. place + 12000 A water / river	roamed around op. cit. 112a

..

115. [Inana top]

/dubur an\ gil-gi₁₆-il-la mu-un-nigin₂-na-ta

{[She flew around the Tree whose roots]

horizon heaven entwined roamed around,}

12135	1202D	cpd	cpd
dubur	an	gil-gi16-il-la	/mu-un-nigin2-na-ta\
horizon	heaven	entwined 12103 gilim /gi16 entwined + 1214B IL = high up + 121B7 LA = bend over	roamed around op. cit. 112a

..

116. [Inana top]

nu-gig kuš₂-a-ni-ta im-ma-te dur₂-bi-še₃ ba-nu₂

Sumerian high status woman (wore bead and was black) so tired landed

backside exposed [through skimpy loincloth] lay down [beside its boundary roots.]

cpd	cpd	cpd	cpd	cpd
nu-gig	kuš2-a-ni-ta	im-ma-te	dur2-bi-še3	ba-na2
Sumerian high status woman was black 1222A wore beads 1226D + 12261 NU offspring + 121C7 U8 encircle	so tired uQQ kuš2 tired + 12000 A cry of woe + 1224C NI come to an end + 122EB TA much	landed 1214E IM wind + 12220 MA flow + 122FC TE approach, land [cf. 12312 UB as in kiss]	rump 12089 backside + + 12049 BI open + 12365 še3 string [cf. loincloth]	lay down 12040 BA split, open, backside + 1223F na2 lay down

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.116

117. [Inana top]

šu-kal-le-tud-da zag sar-ra-/ka\-ni igi im-ma-ni-/sig10\

Šukaletuda beside lair watched.

[On the same plot of land a youth, Šukaletuda, was working, and saw her;]

cpd	12360	cpd	12146	cpd
šu-kal-le-tud-da	zag	sar-ra-ka-ni	igi	im-ma-ni-sig10
Šukaletuda 122D7 ŠU hand + 12197 KAL mighty + 121F7 LE branch + 12305 TU small, priest + 12055 DA line	(be-) side	lair 122AC SAR garden + 1228F RA thresh + 12157 KA mouth + 1224C NI digest	eye, watch	to cast (an eye) perve 1214E IM mud, storm + 12220 MA approach + 1224C NI finish + 122E7 cast

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.117

118. [Inana top]

^dinana-ke4 tug₂dara₄ me imin gal₄-la na

Inana on reed mat [ lying on her side...] …

loincloth divine powers seven over her cuneus/backside…

[She had in her loincloth a weaving of the seven cosmic powers...]

12239+121A4	cpd	12228	12153	cpd
dinana-ke4	tug2dara4	me	imin	gal4-la-na
Inana (DN) Determ. 1202D AN+ 12239 MUŠ3 + 121A4 reed mat [lying on]	loincloth Determ. 12306 tug2 garment + 12071 dara4 = red, brown, blood	divine powers (enabling cosmic activity)	seven (IA 5 + MIN 2)	cuneus 122A9 gal4 cuneus + 121B7 LA bending over + 1223E NA man, pestle, pounder

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.118

119. {do. 118} tug2dara4? me 7 gal4-la-na […]

Inana loves Dumuzi

120. Inana ^dinanaki-ag₂ sipad dumuzi

Inana's thoughts were with her shpeherd lover Dumuzi

Gudea Cylinders

4-Way Ningirsu's Temple | 4-Way top | Contents

The Gudea cylinders are a pair of terracotta cylinders dating to circa 7875 CT [2125 plag] on which is written in cuneiform a Sumerian myth called the Building of Ningursu's temple.[1] The cylinders were found in "1877 during excavations at Telloh (ancient Girsu), Iraq and are now displayed in the Louvre in Paris, France. They are the largest cuneiform cylinders yet discovered and contain the longest known text written in the Sumerian language… [Wik]

The god of wisdom, Enki, organized the world after creation and gave each deity a role in the world order. Nisaba was named the scribe of the gods, and Enki then built her a school of learning so that she could better serve those in need.

Nidaba / Nindaba / Nisaba = goddess of writing (and teaching) she was often praised by Sumerian scribes. Many clay-tablets end with the phraseDINGIR.NAGA.ZAG.SAL,^dnisaba za₃-mi₂, “Nisaba be praised” to honor the goddess. She is considered the teacher of both mortal scribes and other divine deities…

As the goddess of knowledge, she is related to many other facets of intellectual study and other gods may turn to her for advice or aid. Some of these traits are shared with her sister Ninsina. She is also associate with grain, reflecting her association with an earth goddess mother.

12240NAGA = potash; soap

AN.NAGA is read as NANIBGAL, and AN.ŠE.NAGA as NÁNIBGAL. NAGA is read as NÍDABA or NÍSABA, and ŠE.NAGA as NIDABA or NISABA…[Wik]

http://www.specialtyinterests.net/cuneiform_writing.html

http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.1.7

..

The Building of Ningirsu's Temple

Intro above | 4-Way top | Contents

Gudea Cylinders A and B (c.2.1.7), line c217.110

Paragraph t217.p14 (line(s)110-114)

..

110. munus 1(DIŠ)-am₃a-ba me-a nu a-ba me-a-ni

[ETCSL: Then there was a woman -- whoever she was.]

woman one was who “to be or not to be”*

122A9	cpd	cpd	12228	12261	cpd	12228
munus	DIŠ-am3	a-ba	me	nu	a-ba	me
woman	one was 12079 DIŠ one + cpd A-AN copula	who 12000 A progeny + 12040 BA share	to be	not	who 12000 A progeny + 12040 BA share	to be

*So that's where Shakespeare / Edward de Vere plagiarized it from!

http://cdli.ox...c217.110

111. sag-ga₂e₃ki garadin₉mu-ak

[ETCSL: She …… sheaves. ]

head basket bring place sheaves do

cpd	cpd	121A0	1230F	cpd
	e3	ki	garadin9	mu-ak
head basket 12295 sag head + 120B7 ga2 basket	bring 12313 UD sun + 1207A DU leave, bring	place	sheaf / bundle (of reeds)	to do 1222C MU name + 1201D AK do

112. gi-dub-ba kug NE-a šu im-mi-du₈

[ETCSL: She held a stylus of refined silver in her hand,]

stylus silver refined hand proudly displayed

cpd	121AC	cpd	122D7	cpd
gi-dub-ba	kug	NE-A	šu	im-mi-du8
(reed tablet) stylus 12100 GI reed stem + 1207E DUB tablet + 12040 BA divide tool	silver, shiny metal	refined 12248 NE brazier + 12000 A water	hand	(proudly) display 1214E IM mood, is (copula) + 1222A MI black [cf miqtum (high) class?] + 120EE (/12083) du8 (GABA); spread

http://cdli.ox...c217.112

113. dub mul-an dug₃-ga im-mi-gal₂

[ETCSL: and placed it on a tablet with propitious stars,]

tablet cosmic star good ones classified

1207E	cpd	cpd	cpd
dub	mul-an	dug3-ga	im-mi-gal2
tablet	cosmic star 1202F MUL star + 1202D AN cosmic	good ones 1212D dug3 good + 120B5 GA suckling, carry	classified 1214E IM mood, (copula) + 1222A MI black, high ?? + 12145 gal2 place class ?? cf. mi-iq-tum (miqtum, mi-gal2-tum) social class

..

114. ad im-dab₆-gi₄-gi₄

[ECSL: and was consulting it."]

recited (mantra) turning round and round

1201C	cpd
ad	im-dab6-gi4-gi4
voice, cry, recited (mantra) ??	turning round and round 1214E IM mood, (copula) 1234F dab6 go around, + 12104 gi4 x2 turn, go around [gi4 x 2 therefore: 'turn round and round' ??]

..

ETCSL:

“Then there was a woman — whoever she was.

She …… sheaves [bundles].

She held a stylus of refined silver in her hand,

and placed it on a tablet with propitious stars, and was consulting it.”

..

110. munus 1(DIŠ)-am₃a-ba me-a nu a-ba me-a-ni

111. sag-ga₂e₃ki garadin₉mu-ak 112. gi-dub-ba kug NE-a šu im-mi-du₈ 113. dub mul-an dug₃-ga im-mi-gal₂ 114. ad im-dab₆-gi₄-gi₄

ccc

Very Common Signs

ccc1

1228F	1224C	1231D	1222C	12326	120B5
RA	NI	UM	MU	UN	GA
1228F RA (rah2) kill; flood; aux.	1224C NI (i3) comes to pass; quiver	1231D UM approach, disease	1222C MU (gu10) year, dear, name, son, phallus 43667x!	12326 UN people (KALAM / Sumer)	120B5 GA suckling, carry, bring

..

12157	12261	12154	1214E	12220	12248
dug4	NU	IN	IM	MA